Man, Past and Present by Agustus Henry Keane, A. Hingston Quiggin, Alfred Court Haddon (free reads .TXT) 📕

[1017] The Races of Europe, 1900, passim.

[1018] "Les Chaouias," etc., in L'Anthropologie, 1897, p. 1 sq.

[1019] Ueber eine Schaedelsammlung von den Kanarischen Inseln, with F. von Luschan's appendix; also "Ueber die Urbewohner der Kanarischen Inseln," in Bastian-Festschrift, 1896, p. 63. The inferences here drawn are in substantial agreement with those of Henry Wallack, in his paper on "The Guanches," in Journ. Anthr. Inst. June, 1887, p. 158 sq.; and also with J. C. Shrubsall, who, however, distinguishes four pre-Spanish types from a study of numerous skulls and other remains from Tenerife in Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. IX. 154-78. The 152 cave skulls measured by Von Detloff von Behr, Metrische Studien an 152 Guanchenschaedeln, 1908, agree in the main with earlier results.

[1020] For an interpretation of the significance of Armenoid skulls in the Canary Is. see G. Elliot Smith, The Ancient Egyptians, 1911, pp. 156-7.

[1021] "Denombrement et Types des Cranes Neolithiques de la Gaule," in Rev. Mens. de l'Ecole d'Anthrop. 1896.

[1022] T. Rice Holmes, Ancient Britain, 1907, p. 424.

[1023] "Infiltrazioni pacifiche." (Arii e Italici, p. 124.)

[1024] L'Anthr. XII. 1901, pp. 547-8.

[1025] Cf. G. Elliot Smith, The Ancient Egyptians, 1911, p. 58 ff.

[1026] T. Rice Holmes, Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, 1911, p. 266, with list of authorities. See also Sigmund Feist, Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen, 1913, p. 364, and H. H. Johnston, "A Survey of the Ethnography of Africa," Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst. XLIII. 1913, pp. 386 and 387.

[1027] T. Rice Holmes, loc. cit. p. 272.

[1028] W. Wright, Middlesex Hospital Journal, XII. 1908, p. 44.

[1029] See A. C. Haddon, The Wanderings of Peoples, 1911, pp. 16, 17, 55.

[1030] R. S. Conway, The Italic Dialects, 1897, and Art. "Etruria: Language," Ency. Brit. 1911.

[1031] Cf. T. Rice Holmes, Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, 1911, p. 283. "The truth is that linguistic data are insufficient."

[1032] I. 57.

[1033] See p. 465.

[1034] For Lydian see E. Littmann, Sardis, "Lydian Inscriptions," 1916, briefly summarised by P. Giles, "Some Notes on the New Lydian Inscriptions," Camb. Univ. Rep. 1917, p. 587.

[1035] S. Feist, Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen, 1913, p. 385.

[1036] "The attempts to connect the language with the Indo-European family have been unsuccessful," A. H. Sayce, Art. "Lycia," Ency. Brit.1911. But cf. also S. Feist, loc. cit. pp. 385-7; and Th. Kluge, Die Lykier, ihre Geschichte und ihre Inschriften, 1910.

[1037] A. J. Evans, Scripta Minoa, 1909.

[1038] T. Rice Holmes, Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, 1911, p. 289 n. 4.

[1039] Die Verwandtschaft des Baskischen mit den Berbersprachen Nord-Afrikas nachgewiesen, 1894.

[1040] "Die Sprachen waren mit einander verwandt, das stand ausser Zweifel." (Pref. IV.)

[1041] J. Vinson (Rev. de linguistique, XXXVIII. 1905, p. 111) says, "no more absurd book on Basque has appeared of late years." See T. Rice Holmes, Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, 1911, p. 299 n. 3.

[1042] "In the general series of organised linguistic families it [Basque] would take an intermediate place between the American on the one side and the Ugro-Altaic or Ugrian on the other." Wentworth Webster and Julien Vinson, Ency. Brit. 1910, "Basques."

[1043] See W. Z. Ripley, The Races of Europe, 1900, Chap. VIII. "The Basques," pp. 180-204.

[1044] Rev. mensuelle de l'Ecole d'Anthr. X. 1900, pp. 225-7.

[1045] S. Feist, Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen, 1913.

[1046] Hist. de la Gaule, I. 1908, p. 271.

[1047] "La Race Basque," L'Anthrop. 1894.

[1048] W. Z. Ripley, loc. cit. p. 200.

[1049] Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, 1911, p. 287. Cf. J. Dechelette (Manuel d'Archeologie prehistorique, II. 1910, p. 27), "As a rule it is wise to attach to this expression (Iberian) merely a geographical value." Reviewing the problems of Iberian origins (which he considers remain unsolved), he quotes as an example of their range, the opinion of C. Jullian (Revue des Etudes Anciennes, 1903, p. 383), "There is no Iberian race. The Iberians were a state constituted at latest towards the 6th century, in the valley of the Ebro, which received, either from strangers or from the indigenous peoples, the name of the river as nom de guerre."

[1050] J. Vinson (Rev. de linguistique, XL. 1907, pp. 5, 211) divides the Iberian inscriptions into three groups, each of which, he believes, represents a different language.

[1051] The Mediterranean Race, 1901.

[1052] Dict. des sc. anthr. p. 247, and Rev. de l'Ecole d'Anthr.XVII. 1907, p. 365.

[1053] Geschichte des Altertums, I. 2, 1909, p. 723.

[1054] Manuel d'Archeologie prehistorique, II. 1910, p. 27 n., see also p. 22 for archaeological proofs of "ethnographic distinctions."

[1055] Hist. de la Gaule, I. Chap. IV. The author makes it clear, however, that his "Ligurians" are not necessarily an ethnic unit, "De l'unite de nom, ne concluons pas a l'unite de race" (119), and later (p. 120), "Ne considerons donc pas les Ligures comme les representants uniformes d'une race determinee. Ils sont la population qui habitait l'Europe occidentale avant les invasions connues des Celtes ou des Etrusques, avant la naissance des peuples latin ou ibere. Ils ne sont pas autre chose."

[1056] Gaule av. Gaulois, p. 248.

[1057] Loc. cit. p. 23 n. I.

[1058] Early Age of Greece, 1901, p. 237 ff., and "Who were the Romans?" Proc. Brit. Acad. III. 19, 1908, p. 3.

[1059] See R. S. Conway, Art. "Liguria," Ency. Brit. 1911. It may be noted, however, as Feist points out (Ausbreitung und Herkunft des Indogermanen, 1913, p. 368), this hypothesis rests on slight foundations ("ruht auf schwachen Fuessen").

[1060] Arii e Italici, p. 60.

[1061] Corresbl. d. d. Ges. f. Anthrop., Feb. 1898, p. 12.

[1062] Yet Ligurians are actually planted on the North Atlantic coast of Spain by S. Sempere y Miguel (Revista de Ciencias Historicas, I. v. 1887).

[1063] Manuel d'Archeologie prehistorique, II. 1910, p. 22.

[1064] Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, 1911, p. 287.

[1065] "La Civilisation Primitive dans la Sicilie Orientale," in L'Anthropologie, 1897, p. 130 sq.; and p. 295 sq.

[1066] Praehistorische Studien aus Sicilien, quoted by Patroni.

[1067] p. 130.

[1068] See p. 21.

[1069] It may be mentioned that while Penka makes the Siculi Illyrians from Upper Italy ("Zur Palaeoethnologie Mittel-u. Suedeuropas," in Wiener Anthrop. Ges. 1897, p. 18), E. A. Freeman holds that they were not only Aryans, but closely akin to the Romans, speaking "an undeveloped Latin," or "something which did not differ more widely from Latin than one dialect of Greek differed from another" (The History of Sicily, etc., I. p. 488). On the Siculi and Sicani, see E. Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, 1909, I. 2, p. 723, also Art. "Sicily, History," Ency. Brit. 1911. Dechelette (Manuel d'Archeologie prehistorique, II. 1910, p. 17) suggests that Sikelos or Siculus, the eponymous hero of Sicily, may have been merely the personification of the typical Ligurian implement, the bronze sickle (Lat. secula, sicula).

[1070] I. 22.

[1071] VI. 2.

[1072] Parte I. Dati Antropologici ed Etnologici, Rome, 1896.

[1073] p. 182.

[1074] Atti Soc. Rom. d' Antrop. 1896, pp. 179 and 201.

[1075] Cf. W. Z. Ripley, "Racial Geography of Europe," Pop. Sci. Monthly, New York, 1897-9, and The Races of Europe, 1900, pp. 54, 175.

[1076] Arii e Italici, p. 188. Hence for these Italian Ligurians he claims the name of "Italici," which he refuses to extend to the Aryan intruders in the peninsula. "A questi primi abitatori spetta legittimamente il nome di Italici, non a popolazioni successive [Aryan Umbrians], che avrebbero sloggiato i primi abitanti" (p. 60). The result is a little confusing, "Italic" being now the accepted name of the Italian branch of the Aryan linguistic family, and also commonly applied to the Aryans of this Italic speech, although the word Italia itself may have been indigenous (Ligurian) and not introduced by the Aryans. It would perhaps be better to regard "Italia" as a "geographical expression" applicable to all its inhabitants, whatever their origin or speech.

[1077] Science Progress, July, 1894. It will be noticed that the facts, accepted by all, are differently interpreted by Beddoe and Sergi, the latter taking the long-headed element in North Italy as the aboriginal (Ligurian), modified by the later intrusion of round-headed Aryan Slavs, Teutons, and especially Kelts, while Beddoe seems to regard the broad-headed Alpine as the original, afterwards modified by intrusive long-headed types "Germanic, Slavic, or of doubtful origin." Either view would no doubt account for the present relations; but Sergi's study of the prehistoric remains (see above) seems to compel acceptance of his explanation. From the statistics an average height of not more than 5 ft. 4 in. results for the whole of Italy.

[1078] For the identification of the Mediterranean race in Greece with the Pelasgians, see W. Ridgeway, Early Age of Greece, I. 1901, though Ripley contends (The Races of Europe, 1900, p. 407), "Positively no anthropological data on the matter exist."

[1079] [Greek: To ton Pelasgon genos Hellenikon.]

[1080] I. 57.

[1081] Il. X. 429; Od. XIX. 177.

[1082] "We recognize in the Pelasgi an ancient and honourable race, ante-Hellenic, it is true, but distinguished from the Hellenes only in the political and social development of their age.... Herodotus and others take a prejudiced view when, reasoning back from the subsequent Tyrrhenian Pelasgi, they call the ancient Pelasgians a rude and worthless race, their language barbarous, and their deities nameless. Numerous traditionary accounts, of undoubted authenticity, describe them as a brave, moral, and honourable people, which was less a distinct stock and tribe, than a race united by a resemblance in manners and the forms of life" (W. Wachsmuth, The Historical Antiquities of the Greeks, etc., Engl. ed. 1837, I. p. 39). Remarkable words to have been written before the recent revelations of archaeology in Hellas.

[1083] That the two cultures went on for a long time side by side is evident from the different social institutions and religious ideas prevailing in different parts of Hellas during the strictly historic period.

[1084] [Greek: kata ten Hellada pasan epepolase] (Strabo, V. 220). This might almost be translated, "they flooded the whole of Greece."

[1085] Early Age of Greece, 1901, Chaps. I. and II.

[1086] Od. XIX.

[1087] Thuc. I. 3.

[1088] This idea of an independent evolution of western (European) culture is steadily gaining ground, and is strenuously advocated, amongst others, by M. Salomon Reinach, who has made a vigorous attack on what he calls the "oriental mirage," i.e. the delusion which sees nothing but Asiatic or Egyptian influences everywhere. Sergi of course goes further, regarding the Mediterranean (Iberian, Ligurian, Pelasgian) cultures not only as local growths, but as independent both of Asiatics and of the rude Aryan hordes, who came rather as destroyers than civilisers. This is one of the fundamental ideas pervading the whole of his Arii e Italici, and some earlier writings.

[1089] Pausanias, III. 20. 5.

[1090] G. Sergi, The Mediterranean Race, 1901. In the main he is supported by philologists. "The languages of the indigenous peoples throughout Asia Minor and the Aegean area are commonly believed to have been non-Indo-European." H. M. Chadwick, The Heroic Age, 1912, p. 179 n.

[1091] W. Ridgeway, The Early Age of Greece, 1901, p. 681 ff.

[1092] The Dawn of History, 1911, p. 40. For his views on Pelasgians, see Journ. Hell. St. 1907, p. 170, and the Art. "Pelasgians" in Ency. Brit. 1911.

[1093] E. Petersen and F. von Luschan, Reisen in Lykien, 1889.

[1094] W. Z. Ripley, The Races of Europe, p. 404 ff. The map (facing p. 402) does not include Greece, and the grouping is based on language, not race.

[1095] The Mykenaean skull found by Bent at Antiparos is described as "abnormally dolichocephalic." W. Ridgeway, Early Age of Greece, I. 1901, p. 78.

[1096] But in Ridgeway's view the "classical Hellenes" were descendants of tall fair-haired invaders from the North, and in this he has the concurrence of J. L. Myres, The Dawn of History, 1911, p. 209.

[1097] Mitt. d. K. d. Inst. Athen. XXX. See H. R. Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, 1913, pp. 61-4.

[1098] Geschichte des Altertums, I. 2, 1909, Sec. 507.

[1099] For a discussion of the meaning of "Pelasgic Argos" see H. M. Chadwick,