Community Empowerment by Dr. SBM Prasanna, Dr. K Puttaraju, Dr.MS Mahadevaswamy (books under 200 pages TXT) 📕

5009794. Growth of percent was 7.54 to 12.29 in the year 2006-07 to 2007-08. In the year 2008-09 growth of percent was 15.79, in 2009-10 growth of percent was 17.95. In 2010 -11 growths of percent was 19.45 and the year 2011-12 growth percent was 20.53.The variation is grater in growth.

Table 2. Progress of women’s SHGs and microfinance

SHGs

 

Number (in millions)

Amount(Rs in billions)

items

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

Loan disbursed by bank

1.6

1.2

1.2

1.2

145

145

165

206

(0.3)

(0.2)

(0.2)

(0.2)

(22)

(25)

(26)

(22)

Loan out standing

4.9

4.8

4.4

4.5

280

312

363

394

(1.3)

(1.3)

(1.2)

(1.2)

(63)

(78)

(81)

(86)

Savings with banks

70

75

80

73

62

70

66

82

(1.7)

(2.0)

(2.1)

(2.1)

(13)

(18)

(14)

(18)

Microfinance institutions

 

Numbers

Amount (Rs in billions

Loans disbursed by bank

691

469

465

426

81

76

53

78

Loans outstanding with bank

1513

2176

1960

2042

101

107

115

144

Source: Report on Trend and Progress of Banking 2012-13.

In the table 2, Shows that the current progress of women SHGs and microfinance in India. The details of total number of women SHGs and amount of loan disbursed by bank, loan outstanding, savings with bank numbers with amount and microfinance loan disbursed by bank, loan outstanding with bank, SHGs loan disbursed by bank, out standing with bank for the last four years are given in the table. It may be seen that the total number of saving linked and credit linked SHGs, Loan disbursed by bank No banks 1.6 million, amount of Rs145 billion as on 2009-10. In the year 2012-13 No of bank 1.2 million amounts of Rs is 206 billion. Loans disbursed No of SHGs is decreased and loans disbursed amount is increased. In the year 2009-10 loan outstanding amount is 280billion to 394 billion. the saving with the bank in year 2009-10 no of SHGs 70 million to 73 million in year 2012-13at the same years amount of SHGs 62billion to 82 billion this is increased. The micro finance institutions no of banks loans disbursed691million to 426million amount of loan disbursed 81 to 78 billion in the study period. Loan outstanding with bank 1513 to 2042 and amount of Rs 101 billion to 144 billion in year 2009-10to 2012-13.

 

Table 3. Saving growth by SHGs 2008-12(Amount Rs in billions)

 

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

Commercial Bank

20.8

22.7

36.8

41.5

41.5

Regional Rural Bank

11.7

19.9

12.7

14.2

11.0

Cooperative Bank

5.4

7.8

41.1

13.6

13.0

Total

37.9

55.4

63.6

69.3

65.5

Source: Status of micro Finance 2009-10, NABARD

Table 3. shows that SHGs savings in commercial banks, Regional Rural banks and Cooperative banks As at the end of March 2007-08 to 2011-12, The groups were savings-linked with the banking system, SHGs savings in commercial banks 20.8 billion to 41.5 billion in respectively 2007-08 to 2011-12. Regional Rural banks savings was 11.07 billion to 11.0l billion in the year 2007-08 to 2011-12. The cooperative banks savings is 5.4 billion to 13.0 billion in the study period. Total savings in SHGs was increased from 37.9 billion to 65.5 billion in the study peried2007-08to 2011-12. This table indicate that the savings was increased in commercial bank and cooperative banks that was highest than RRBs.

CONCLUSION:

Today, in India the role of Self Help Groups in the rural development has attracted attention from all over the realm of social sciences. SHGs is increasing empowerment of women, by making them financially strong, as well as it helped them to save some amount of money and invest it in further development. SHGs have been identified as a way to alleviate poverty and women empowerment. Women empowerment aims at realizing their identities, power and potentiality in all spheres of lives. But the real empowerment is possible only when a woman has increased access to economic resources, more confidence and self motivation, more strength, more recognition and more involvement through participation. Although it is a gradual and consistent process, but women should build their mindset for taking additional effort willingly for their overall development. SHGs have the potential to have an impact on women empowerment. To reduce poverty by enabling the poor household to access gainful self employment and skilled wage employment opportunities, resulting in appreciable improvement in their livelihood on a sustainable basis, through building strong grass-root institutions of the poor.

REFERENCE:

Arjun Y., Pangannavar (2010) "Women SHG Programmes and Rural Poverty: A Micro Study"

Chandra P. Parida and Anushree Sinha (2010) "Performance and Sustainability of Self Help

Groups in India: A Gender Perspective" Asian Development Review, Vol.-27(1), pp80-103.

Jayaraman R. (2005). "Performance Analysis of Fisherwomen SHGs in Tamilnadu" final report

Lalitha N & Nagaraja B.S. (2002) “Self Help Groups in Rural Development “Dominant

NABARD Report 2008-2009 to 2012-13 status of micro finance in India

Arjun. O.&Y Pangannavar (2010) "Women SHG Programmes and Rural Poverty: A Micro Study" Publishers and Distributers, New Delhi

NABARD, pp1-63pportunities for Rural Poor" European Journal of Social Science, Vol.-19(3), pp371-379.

Surrender, Kumari S. And Sehrawat R.K. (2011) "Can- SHGs Generate Employment”

Report on Trend and progress of banking in India 2013.

Status of microfinance in India 2008 to 2013.

MEDICAL EDUCATIONAND COMMUNITY EMPOVERMENT IN PRINCELY MYSORE

SOMASHEKAR T.N

Lecturer in History, Sir M.V.PG. Centre, Mandya, Karnataka.

Abstract

Medical Education is considered as one of the higher education after completed intermediate education. Medical service was very needed to Mysoreians. But in the 19th Century Mysore was too backward in the field of Medical service. At the time people were suffering from many communicable diseases, which are Calhara, Influenza, Malaria, Polio, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis etc., but Government wouldn’t given good treatment to them; although providing good health service to citizens is one of the objectives and features of Welfare State. In this way many Medical Schools and Colleges were opened in Mysore, which are The Ayurvedic College, Unani Pharmacy, LUMS, LAMS and other integrated courses were opened, In 1917 the Mysore Medical School was started at Bangalore finally in 1924 Medical College was started at Bangalore. Then 1930 the Medical College was shifted to Mysore and the university Medical School remained in Bangalore. As the statistical report initially strengthen of medical education too limited then Government was provide many facilities to medical students to continued their study, such as scholarship, hostel, concession of tuition fee, etc., then each and every academic year the number of candidates were gradually increased. That’s why at present death rate is too reducing and birth rate is increasing. This way many Medicines were discovered to Epidemic Diseases such as Plague, small pox, cholera etc., in 1906 the Compulsory Vaccination Act was implemented by Government, such returns many hospitals were opened for patients.

Introduction

Providing good health service was one of the objectives of welfare state. Though the Indian Medication system practiced in India, the introduction of modern medical system was necessary to meet this need creative administration introduced the medical education in the state. Medical education is related to the practice of being a medical practitioner; either the initial training to become a physician (i.e., medical school and internship), additional training thereafter (e.g., residency and fellowship), or training to become a Physician Assistant. Medical education and training varies considerably across the world.

History of Medical College in Mysore

The year 1871, witnessed the emergence of medical education in the state. A native subordinate medical department of Mysore decided to train the grade of hospital assistants for local service in the state for the training of medical pupils to qualify them for the grade of hospital assistants on stipends and government decided to select women and sent them to Madras for training as midwives with a granted scholarship of Rs.10/ each.1

Medical Instruction in Ayurveda was being imparted in the Maharaja’s Sanskrit College, Mysore. Since 1880, Vaidy Shastra formed one of the subjects of the Mysore Vidwat Examination. But the instruction was only theoretical and the students had to undergo training in the Indigenous Hospital, Mysore. Suggestion was made that the Indigenous Hospital and converted into an Ayurvedic College.

After the year 1881, a definite scheme was laid down for a local medical service duly qualified Indians and sufficient to have in the State during the year 1884, a Medical School was established in Mysore for the purpose of training hospital assistants but was closed in 1886.2 Scholarships were given to students to go through a course in the Madras and Bombay medical colleges.3 Students were also sent to Rayapura Medical School. In view of certain difficulties expressed by the students were seeking admission therein, Mysore Government sanctioned a scheme for training locally sub- assistant surgeons required for service in the state.

The Government established the Ayurvedic College at Mysore in 1908 and the then existing Vaidya class in the Sanskrit College was abolished. The subjects taught were physiology, anatomy, hygiene, midwifery and material medica which extended over a period of four years. Instruction in Sanskrit works on medicine was impacted by a Head Pandit and an Assistant Pandit. An Assistant Surgeon from the Mysore city gave instruction in physiology, anatomy and other subjects of Western medicine till 1917. Those who were interested in further course in Western medicine after being successful in the Ayurvedic College could go to the Medical School at Bangalore. New building was opened in 1930. The opening of a Unani Pharmacy section and sales department was approved in 1932. Different course such as LAMS (Licentiate in Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery). LUMS (Licentiate in Unani Medicine and Surgery) and other integrated courses were offered till 1962.

The State government demonstrated its keen interest in the field of Medical education under the control of the Senior Surgeon, on 1st July 1917,4 the Mysore Medical School started at Bangalore with a small batch of 16 pupils. The medical officer of the Victoria Hospital acting as Principal, with 4 lecturers, the senior surgeon exercising general supervision and control primarily for the training of sub assistant surgeons required for the state medical department. The training imparted was of 4 years duration which was licentiate in medical practice (L.M.P).5 In the year 1919, a scheme for training candidates in the art of compounding was formed in the Government Medical School at Bangalore, But in the year 1922 all district head-quarter hospitals and Robertson hospital started giving compounders training.

The University Medical College was first opened at Bangalore in July. 1924 and was the first Medical College to be established in a Princely State.6 In the year 1924-25, the Medical School was rose into the grade of a college as Medical College with M.B.B.S. course for six years on 1st July 1924, and the college was affiliated to the University of Mysore. In 1930 the Medical College was shifted to Mysore and the university Medical School remained in Bangalore.

The Medical College has been growing ever since and as yet one cannot visualize the dimensions it will ultimately reach. There is a large programme of expansion on hand. Every attempt is made to keep up the highest medical standards and no effort is spared in the training and equipment of the future doctors.

Most of the professors are graduates of the College and have had training abroad. There are about 150 students in the College. The course is one of five and half years, six months of that time being spent on the study of the pre-medical subjects of Chemistry, Physics, Zoology and Botany.

Most of the graduates spend a year as house surgeons in the hospitals in the State, thus starting with a good practical training in medicine, surgery and the specialties.7

In the year 1912, A School of Hygiene was opened for training sanitary inspectors for the diploma course; the course of training was of 6 months duration. The training was conducted by the Director, Public Health Institute and his assistant, the Health Officer, Bangalore and the Sanitary Engineer and his assistant in Madras there were 20 candidates in the course. In the Year 1917 the Maternity Hospital for Women and Children, Bangalore and the Vani Vilas Hospital Mysore, become teaching hospitals for training of midwives in scientific manner.

For more than 30 years, the State Government was sending five students to the Madras Medical College, and two students to the Carmichael Medical College,