Community Empowerment by Dr. SBM Prasanna, Dr. K Puttaraju, Dr.MS Mahadevaswamy (books under 200 pages TXT) 📕

school teachers towards E-Learning in relation to gender, subjects taught and types of school. To study the level of attitude of secondary school teachers towards E-Learning.

Hypothesis of the study

There is no significant difference between male and female secondary school teachers towards E-Learning

There is no significant difference between arts and science secondary school teachers towards E-Learning

There is no significant difference between government, aided and unaided secondary school teachers towards E-Learning

Research question

What is the level of attitude towards E-Learning among secondary school teachers of Mandya city?

Methodology

Design of the study

The present study was descriptive nature and normative survey method.

Sample of the study

The study was conducted on sample of 120 secondary school teachers in Mandya City. The sample was drawn by simple random sampling technique giving due representation of gender, subjects taught and types of school.

Tools used in the study

In the present study, the attitude towards E-Learning scale developed by investigator. 40 statements includes 22 statements were positive and 18 statements were negative. Reliability of the scale is 0.71

Statistical Analysis

Mean, Standard Deviation and ‘t’ test were used to assess the significant difference between gender, subjects taught . F- ratio was used to assess the significant difference between Government, Aided and Unaided secondary school teachers.

Research question

What is the level of attitude towards E-Learning among secondary school teachers of Mandya city.

Table-1: Details of level of Attitude towards E-Learning among secondary school teachers of Mandya city

Sl no

Level of Attitude

Frequency

Percentage

1

Positive

51

42.5

2

Uncertain

46

38.3

3

Negative

23

19.1

 

Total

120

100

As it is indicated in the table 1 it is found that 42.5 % of the secondary school teachers showed positive attitude and 38.5 % of the secondary school teachers showed uncertain and 19 % of secondary school teachers showed negative attitude towards E-Learning.

Table20: Details of Significance difference between sub variables in Attitude of secondary school teachers towards E-Learning

Sub variable

No of teachers

Mean

SD

t value

Result

Male

70

16.4

2.41

 

0.94

 

Not significant at 0.05 level

Female

50

16.1

1.56

Science

42

12.34

1.13

 

0.31

Not significant at 0.05 level

Arts

78

12.24

1.92

Government

24

23.94

2.36

 

F value 1.427

 

Not significant at 0.01 level

Aided

36

23.21

5.24

Unaided

36

22.53

6.11

Evident from the table that the ‘t’value 0.94 & 0.31 and F value 1.427 is not significant at 0.05 and 0.01 level respectively. Hence the null hypothesis is accepted that there is no significant difference with respect to gender, subject of study and types of schools of secondary school teachers of Mandya city towards E-Learning.

Conclusion

Symbol of globalisation has been spectacular development of Technology and are integrates into all aspects of life. Technology is a versatile and valuabe tool for teaching and learning and is becoming a way of life. The most important thing is the teachers need to be prepared to use these technologies effectively. Teacher is the architect of our future generation. The role of teacher is significant and valuable. Learning with computer and internet in which technology facilitate learning across the curriculum, integrating skills development with curriculum application. Institutions can use technology effectively and it must be done for the welfare of students, teachers and society.

Reference:

Clark, Ruth, C.and Mayer, Richard, E.(2003). E-Learning and the science of instruction: proven guidelines for consumers and designers of multimedia learning , Jossey-Bass /Pfeiffer Edition.

Suresh Chandra Pachauri and Pardeep Kumar,(2011). E-Learning Adavance educational technology:A.P.H Publishing Corporation New Delhi.

 

ISSUES OF NUTRITION & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Dr. SHASHIKUMAR

Assistant Professor & HOD, Department of Sociology, Government First Grade College for Women, Hassan

ABSTRACT

Nutrition has been a serious imperative of health level indication in India. This issue of nutrition & community development is being debated across the world. The gravity of the situation is that it affects women more than it affects men due to the specific nutrition needs of women during childhood , adolescence, pregnancy, and lactation period etc. Widespread nutrition deprivation among women perpetuates an inter-generational cycle of nutrition deprivation in children. An integrated approach can assist in the nutrition issue & community can be strengthened to move towards progression. A healthy mother will help the community to empower towards healthier community. This paper looks at the understanding of the issue its deeper impact on community development & addresses the strategies so far adopted & the prospective strategies that can strengthen the nutrition policy of the government.

Keywords: Nutrition, health indicator, effects on deprivation, impact on national progression , community development

“Malnutrition is more common in India than in Sub-Saharan Africa. One in every three malnourished children in the world lives in India”

- UNICEF REPORT 1993

Understanding the issues connected with Nutrition is very vast & a community suffering from Nutrition problems cannot thrive. Childhood is a time of critical growth in which proper nutrition is absolutely necessary. Children who have poor diets whether because of a lack of food or because of patterns of eating that lead to inadequate intake of nutrients are prone to significant short-term and long term health impacts and diseases. Children afflicted by sustained poor nutrition are at greater risk for obesity, mental and emotional health problems, and a failure to thrive academically.( Report Of The National Nutrition Policy -Government Of India Ministry Of Women & Child Welfare-1993).Undernourished girls grow up to become undernourished women who give birth to a new generation of undernourished children . Women are given the responsibility – but often not the means (empowerment) – to ensure optimal nutrition for their children. A recent study in Andhra Pradesh shows that women with higher autonomy (both financial and physical, for example – the freedom to go to the market) are less likely to have diminutive children. 

THE IMPACT LEVEL

This evil of under nutrition is a very seriously severe issue. It is an inter-generational cycle of under nutrition transmitted from mothers to children even before birth. It has multi faceted impact on India’s present progression & its futuristic growth . Undernourished children are much more likely to suffer from infection and die from common childhood illnesses such as diarrhea, pneumonia, measles, malaria while compared to well nourished children. (Report Ministry of Food & Civil Supplies, Food and Nutrition Board, Department of Food 2009).According to recent estimates, more than a third of all deaths in children aged five years or younger is attributable to the under nutrition issue. This explains the seriousness of the problem.(Report Ministry of Food & Civil Supplies, Food and Nutrition Board, Department of Food 2009).

Problems with pregnant women-Under nutrition puts women at a greater risk of pregnancy-related complications and death. 

Problems with education- Under nourished children’s educational performances also is effected as they fail to exhibit sound scholastic learning . 

Problems with economic development- Widespread child under nutrition greatly impedes India’s socio-economic development and potential to reduce poverty ( Report Ministry of Food & Civil Supplies, Food and Nutrition Board, Department of Food 2009).

HOW TO AVOID IMPENDING UNDER NUTRITIONAL IMPACT

Timely initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth

Exclusive breast feeding in the first six months of baby

Timely introduction of complementary foods for first six months

 Selection of appropriate foods for children ranging from six months to two years

Safe and hygienic complementary feeding practices for babies

Full immunization and bi-annual vitamin A supplementation with de-worming

Appropriate feeding for children during and after illness period

Therapeutic feeding for children with severe acute malnutrition

Adequate nutrition and anemia control for adolescent girls 

Adequate nutrition and anemia control for pregnant and breastfeeding mothers

PARADIGM ACROSS THE GLOBE IN COMBATING UNDER NUTRITION-

A number of emergent economies have successfully addressed their nutrition challenge. China reduced child under nutrition by more than half (from 25% to 8%) between 1990 and 2002; Brazil reduced child under nutrition by 60 percent (from 18% to 7%) from 1975 to 1989; and Vietnam reduced child under nutrition by 40 percent (from 45% to 27%) between 1990 and 2006. Four lessons can be learned from these countries’ experience: ( Report Ministry of Food & Civil Supplies, Food and Nutrition Board, Department of Food 1989).

PROSPECTIVE PLANNING

ensuring leadership- Leadership at the highest level ensured that priority is given to child nutrition outcomes, with large investments in nutrition interventions and poverty alleviation strategies in the context of rapid economic growth; 

Targeted nutrition interventions- Targeted nutrition interventions to prevent and treat under nutrition as part of a continuum of care, particularly among the most vulnerable children and women. This has been a very important step. 

Reliance on community -Reliance on community-based primary health care as the delivery system to ensure high coverage with essential nutrition interventions for the youngest children, adolescent girls, and pregnant women.

Strong supervision -Strong supervision, independent monitoring and evaluation, and knowledge management to provide the evidence base for timely and effective policy, program, and budgetary action.

CHILD NUTRITION, AS A NATIONAL PRIORITY-Government of India can take precautionary initiatives to reduce under nutrition ( Report Ministry of Food & Civil Supplies, Food and Nutrition Board, Department of Food 1989).

Government of India should take strong steps to reduce improvement of girl’s nutrition during adolescence,

Government of India should take strong steps to improvement of maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation, and

Government of India should take strong steps to improvement of children’s nutrition in the first two years of life.

Government of India should take strong steps to address the challenge of child under nutrition.The prevention and treatment of child under nutrition in the first two years of life needs to become a national development priority.

Government of India should take strong steps to focus on women’s nutrition and their empowerment to make informed choices about the nutrition and well-being of their children will make of India a global leader. 

Government of India should take strong steps to combine the existing technical knowledge with the political will to change the lives of millions of children and women in India. India can do it and we stand ready to support the government in this endeavor, and unite for children.

Government of India should take strong steps to promoting pregnancy weight gain through appropriate feeding and caring practices of pregnant women, breastfeeding promotion, introducing semi-solid low-cost nutritious foods from six months onward in the child’s diet (in terms of improved food quantity, quality and frequency), safe water and hygienic practices, early seeking of health care for childhood ailments, adequate feeding of girls and women, and empowerment of women to choose for themselves and their children

Government of India should take strong steps towards enhancing health and nutrition education involving women’s groups and local elected members (rural Panchayat Institutions and Urban Local Bodies), promote environmental sanitation, including use of toilets, maintenance of drainage and safe disposal of solid waste, prevent early marriage and pregnancy

Ensuring referral and treatment of severely malnourished children to Nutrition Rehabilitation Centers (NRC) managed by CINI and the Government 

Training frontline anganwadi workers and supervisors of the national  Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme, the flagship nutrition initiative of Government of India can be more supportive.

CONCLUSION

Thus educating the whole community about nutrition is important because healthy kids grow up to be healthy adults. Good nutrition for a child focuses on a healthy diet coupled with regular physical activity. Community should b sensitized to avoid categorizing foods as all bad or all good. Instead, teaching children to reserve certain foods for special events and occasional consumption. Community should allow children to choose what they eat, but adults should ensure that every option available to them is a healthy one. Healthy habits always breed healthier communities.

REFERENCES-

Report Of The National Nutrition Policy -Government Of India Ministry Of Women & Child Welfare-1993

Ministry of Food & Civil Supplies, Food and Nutrition Board, Department of Food, National Workshop on Dietary and Nutritional Guidelines for food and agriculture planning, October 4-6, 1989, New Delhi.

Rao, N. Pralahad and Gowrinath, - Diet and Nutrition Profile in Ten States of India over a Decade in the implementation of a National Nutrition Policy in India, October 28-30, 1985, Srinagar.

National Institute of Nutrition, National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau, Report on Urban Population, Hyderabad, 1984.

National Institute of Nutrition, National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau, 1981,