Theories of intercultural education by Joseba Arregi, Asier Barandiaran, Dmitrii Enygin, Venera Midova (great novels of all time txt) 📕

Harri-jasotzailes Esku-pilota

Another of these sports is the basque ball, esku-pilota in Spanish. It is the name for a variety of court sports played with a ball using one's hand, a racket, a wooden bat or a basket, against a wall (a fronton) or, more traditionally, with two teams face to face separated by a line on the ground or a net.

Both these sports are only two of many traditional sports that have been played for centuries but are still played by many locals.

In addition to this, we also take part in international competitions of spread sports. Playing the most common sports, basketball and football, we are actually not bad at them.

The most successful basketball team out of all the basque country is Baskonia, which is not only one of the most important teams in the Basque Country, but it is one of the most important teams in Spain and Europe. It

takes part in important leagues and confronts amazing rivals.

They have won three ACB championships, six Spanish Cups and four Spanish Super cups. They have also been in many Euro league final fours.

On the other hand, about football it is to be said that we are very lucky to have the possibility to enjoy watching four of our Basque teams in the best football league in the whole world, the Liga Santander. They are able to play against teams like Football Club Barcelona and Real Madrid, known all over the world. These teams are named and represented in the following way: Alavés, Real Sociedad, Eibar and Athletic de Bilbao.

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Izaskun Molás, Jon Ander Sánchez, Nekane González and Joshua Viela Trilingual Primary Education, 1st course

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TRADITIONS

When speaking of traditions we could say that each region, each locality, has its own customs and traditions, with its typical dances and festivities, of which neither its origin nor its antiquity is known.

Festivals

The festivities are an element that makes this town unique. We have a large number of popular festivities that extend throughout the year. Now we are going to talk about some of the most important ones.

The festival of San Blas is celebrated on February 3, a traditional and religious festival that extends throughout the Basque Country, Spain and South America. San Blas was a Christian martyrdom of the 20th century, a bishop and a doctor.

It is said that he cured a baby's throat disease thanks to a miracle and was considered as the protector of throat problems in the Christian tradition. In this way, San Blas cords are very common, they are blessed in front of the image of the saint and are tied around the neck for 9 days (including February 3) and then removed and burned. It is thought that this prevents all throat

infections, cough and colds throughout the year.

In addition to this, there is a legend that says that Santa Águeda was tortured by cutting her breasts off in 252 when she denied her virginity to Decio (the roman Empeor of the time). That is why the day before the 5th of February, we celebrate Santa Águeda’s day by walking with our “kuadrilla” from house

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Izaskun Molás, Jon Ander Sánchez, Nekane González and Joshua Viela Trilingual Primary Education, 1st course

to house singing songs to raise money for good causes, and dressed light ancient basques. These songs are accompanied by a stick that is hit rhythmically against the floor according to the song. Santa Águeda is celebrated all around the Basque Country.

Another festivity example is when the 28th of April, the best chefs and representatives of gastronomic administrations from all around Alava gather in Vitoria-Gasteiz, the capital of the autonomous community, dressed with a special apron and a hat to play the “txistu”, a special flute, and the drums to celebrate San Prudencio. At the end of the day the chefs take part in a gastronomic competition to see who the best one out of them all is. The typical plate we eat in Vitoria-Gasteiz on the 28th of April, is a “revuelto de perretxikos y caracoles” (scrambled mushrooms and snails). The previous night to San Prudencio’s day there is a huge nightlife atmosphere.

To finish with festivities, it is to mention Semana Grande, also known as Aste Nagusia (meaning ‘Big Week’). It is Bilbao’s biggest festival and is a nine-day event which occurs in the month of August. Semana
Grande honours the Virgin of Begoña

and is also a celebration of Basque
culture, it comprises a whole host of
events from street concerts and
fireworks to parades, as well as
traditional Basque dances and rural sport competitions.

Without doubt, we have a great time during these festivities and we are always ready to accept anybody that wants to share them with us.

Dances

Undoubtly, dance is one of our deepest expressions. Anciently it was the men who dance these traditional dances. Nowadays, on the other hand, most “dantzaris” of dance groups in Euskal Herria are women. In addition, many of the missing dances have been recovered thanks to women, as is the case of “El ciego” dance.One of the best-known dances is the Aurresku. It is an emblematic ceremonial dance of Euskadi, which is used as a tribute. The next two photos are taken during this dance:

"Mari Jaia" is the character that gives start to the Big Week

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Izaskun Molás, Jon Ander Sánchez, Nekane González and Joshua Viela Trilingual Primary Education, 1st course

The dances are divided into three groups: The “Romería dances" that come from those that were made in rural areas inviting the participation of pilgrims and visitors, the “dances of swords" which are memorial and honorific, and in which the dancers pay respect; and "dances of end of celebrations" which, as its name indicates, celebrate the end of a specific period of the year, and the beginning of something new. These are usually the most spectacular dances. Competitions of these Basque dances are currently held and it is and spectacle you should not miss.

ARTS IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY

Basque literature

If we talk about written Basque literature, it is quite temporarily divided, that is, it does not coincide with that of the European movements of the moment except in romanticism. Basque literature has always been very discredited for centuries because it was not official. Its main purpose was religious education.

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Izaskun Molás, Jon Ander Sánchez, Nekane González and Joshua Viela Trilingual Primary Education, 1st course

Oral literature is born of improvisation. Ideas and images are used by the author thanks to the figurative meaning offered by words and the speed imposed on them by the same context.

The most characteristic oral literature of the Basque country is the Bertsolaritza. Bertsolaritza is the art of singing in verse in an improvised way to converse or pronounce a speech, rhyming and with an established metric. The word bertso in Basque is equivalent to what in Spanish

is a verse written according to a metric.

A bertsolari, the person who practices bertsolaritza

Performing arts
The most common “theatre plays" in the Basque Country are pastoral or masquerades.

Pastoral is a traditional theatrical genre of Sola (Zuberoa in Euskera batua) in the French Basque Country with a stage set in the open air. The interpretation is, from beginning to end, sung in Basque. The masquerade is
formed by the youth of a town and has as

its protagonist the population of a different neighbouring town every Sunday. The characters are divided into two groups that play a score with very different registers:

The dancers, those associated with the
guilds of "noble" trades, squires, farriers
and peasants form the red masquerade. Along with them, rude actors, and sometimes violent bohemians, kauterak (boilermakers), xorrotxak (sharpeners), horse castrators, etc.

form the

A pastoral

black masquerade.

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Izaskun Molás, Jon Ander Sánchez, Nekane González and Joshua Viela Trilingual Primary Education, 1st course

As for the museums in Euskadi we have many, but we must mention the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao. The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao hosts, among other activities, exhibitions, concerts, festivals, conferences, screenings and workshops.

The Guggenheim museum in Bilbao

HONDARRIBIA

To record this project we chose Hondarribia, a beautiful town situated on the west shore of Bidasoa river's mouth, in Gipuzkoa.

We chose Hondarribia as it is a city that combines all the basque customs, has a lot of historical remains that are well preserved and is a town which is next to the beach so it has a very nice climate.

We had a walk through the old town talking about the history of this town as well as the history as the Basque Country, had lunch in one of its fantastic (and economical) restaurants and enjoyed its fantastic sights of the coast.

To sum up we really enjoyed doing this piece of work, because we have learnt a lot new things we did not know about and because we had the opportunity to enjoy one of the many great towns in the the Basque Country. We invite you to come anytime and enjoy this beautiful region which has so much to offer to everyone.

Museums

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Izaskun Molás, Jon Ander Sánchez, Nekane González and Joshua Viela Trilingual Primary Education, 1st course

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Traditions researched in: http://www.basquecountrymagazine.com/es/tradiciones Traditions researched in: https://www.viajejet.com/costumbres-pais-vasco/
Traditions researched in: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADspera_de_Santa_%C3%81gueda

Traditions researched in: http://www.eitb.eus/es/noticias/sociedad/detalle/825279/santa- agueda-fiesta-popular-tradicional-euskal-herria/
Traditions researched in: https://theculturetrip.com/europe/spain/articles/everything-you- need-to-know-about-bilbaos-semana-grande-festival/

Basque culture researched in: http://www.bbc.com/mundo/vert-tra-40783435
Basque culture researched in: https://www.bizkaiatalent.eus/pais-vasco-te- espera/senas-de-identidad/euskera-antigua-europa/

General information researched in: https://tourism.euskadi.eus/aa30- 15474/en/s12PortalWar/buscadoresJSP/buscadorH5.jsp?r01kLang=en

Geography and politics researched in: https://www.britannica.com/place/Basque- Country-region-Spain
Economy researched in:http://www.democraticunion.eu/2014/05/economic-exception- basque-country/

Esku-pilota researched in: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_pelota
Harrijasotzailes researched in: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harri-jasotzaileak
Basque dances researched in:https://www.hiru.eus/es/cultura-vasca/danzas- tradicionales-vascas
Literature researched in: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_en_euskera#Literatura_escrita
Mascarade researched in: http://www.pirineosatlanticos.com/pais- vasco/efervescencia/artes-cultura/pastoral-vasca-y-mascarada/

T his chapter introduces several perspectives on diversity, culture and identity. How people perceive these three realities shapes how they understand the world and, also, intercultural relations. The chapter also presents the competences needed for intercultural learning, understood as an educational approach that

leads to social transformation. Stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination are analysed as the main challenges for intercultural societies. Finally, the chapter introduces elements of intercultural learning theory and models.

CULTURE, IDENTITY AND SOCIAL REALITIES

Working in the field of intercultural learning requires an understanding of the role of culture in shaping indi- viduals and communities.

Culture is a very complex concept and it can be misused or misinterpreted (consciously or unconsciously). Culture is not an abstract concept, it is very much embedded in the realities of everyday life. In fact, culture cannot be separated from the social realities in which it is developing or from the people who are both influenced by it and are influencing it. Taking into account social realities, and political, geographical and economic aspects, leads to a more nuanced understanding of culture, genuine interactions and avoidance of simplistic interpretations.

Here are three examples of how culture is defined: firstly, from a macro-perspective; secondly, from an indivi- dual perspective; and, thirdly, from a more process-oriented perspective.

f UNESCO (2002) defines culture as “a set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional fea- tures of society or of a social group, and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs”.

f Cunha and Gomes (2009) define culture from the perspective of intercultural learning, as a “set of shared characteristics that gives to a person the sense of belonging to a certain community”.

f Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1997) provided an even more pragmatic definition: “culture is the way in which a group of people solves problems and reconciles dilemmas”.

Different views on culture

Culture has been approached differently over the years. It has evolved from an essentialist view (the idea that culture is predefined and static) to a more constructivist view (culture as dynamic, in continuous evolution and multifaceted).

The essentialist view on culture is based on the idea that culture has fixed characteristics, variation among members being considered as secondary. This approach is inadequate in contexts nowadays in which people often migrate from one place to another, travel both physically and virtually and live in continuous interaction with other people. Moreover, this reductionist view on culture has the effect of limiting human understanding to theories and methodologies that are not adequate for the realities of young people and that promote simplistic analyses and