The Outline of History by H. G. Wells (good books to read TXT) 📕

Fn-8.2 From Chelles and Le Moustier in France.

Fn-8.3 Osmond Fisher, quoted in Wrights _Quaternary Ice Age_.

Fn-8.4 _Social Origins_, by Andrew Lang, and _Primal Law_, by J. J. Atkinson. (Longmans, 1903.)

Fn-8.5 This first origin of fire was suggested by Sir John Lubbock (_Prehistoric Times_), and Ludwig Hopf, in _The Human Species_, says that "Flints and pieces of pyrites are found in close proximity in palolithic settlements near the remains of mammoths."

Fn-9.1 The opinion that the Neanderthal race _(Homo Neanderthalensis)_ is an extinct species which did not interbreed with the true men (_Homo sapiens_) is held by Professor Osborn, and it is the view to which the writer inclines and to which he has pointed in the treatment of this section; but it is only fair to the reader to note that many writers do not share this view. They write and speak of living "Neanderthalers" in contemporary populations, One observer has written in the past of such types in the west of Ireland; another has observed them in Greece. These so-called "living Neanderthalers" have neither the peculiarities of neck, thumb, nor teeth that distinguish the Neanderthal race of pre-men. The cheek teeth of true men, for instance, have what we call fangs, long fangs; the Neanderthalers cheek tooth is a more complicated and specialized cheek tooth, a long tooth with short fangs, and his canine teeth were less marked, less like dog- teeth, than ours. Nothing could show more clearly that he was on a different line of development. We must remember that so far only western Europe has been properly explored for Palaeolithic remains, and that practically all we know of the Neanderthal species comes from that area (see Map, p. 56). No doubt the ancestor of _Homo sapiens_ (which species includes the Tasmanians) was a very similar and parallel creature to _Homo neanderthalensis._ And we are not so far from that ancestor as to have eliminated not indeed "Neanderthal,) but "Neanderthaloid" types. The existence of such types no more proves that the Neanderthal species, the makers of the Chellean and Mousterian implements, interbred with _Homo sapiens_ in the European area than do monkey-faced people testify to an interbreeding with monkeys; or people with faces like horses, that there is an equine strain in our population.

Fn-9.2 R. I. Pocock.

Fn-9.3 From the cave at Mas dAzil.

Fn-9.4 But our domestic cattle are derived from some form of aurochsprobably from some lesser Central Asiatic Variety.H. H. J.

Fn-9.5 "The various finds of human remains in North America for which the geological antiquity has been claimed have been thus briefly passed under review. In ever instance here enough of the bones is preserved for comparison, the evidence bears witness against the geological antiquity of the remains and for their close affinity to or identity with the modern Indian." (Smithsonian Institute, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 33. Dr. Hrdlicka.) But J. Deniker quotes evidence to show that eoliths and early palaeoliths have been found in America. See his compact but full summary of the evidence and views for and against in his _Races, of Man_, pp. 510, 511.

Fn-9.6 "Questioned by some authorities," says J. Deniker in _The Races of Man_ .

Fn-10.1 Native copper is still found to-day in Italy, Hungary, Cornwall, and many other places.

Fn-10.2 Ridgeway (_Early Age of Greece_) says a lump of tin has been found in the Swiss pile-dwelling deposits.

Fn-10.3 Tin was always known as a foreign import in Egypt under the XVIIIth Dynasty; there is (rare) Mycenan tin, and there are (probably later, but not clearly dated) tin objects in the Caucasus. Bit it is very difficult to distinguish tin from antimony. There is a good deal of Cyprus bronze which contains antimony; a good deal which seems to be tin is antimonythe ancients trying to get tin, but actually getting antimony and thinking it was tin.J. L. M.

Fn-10.4 In connection with iron, note the distinction of ornamental and useful iron. Ornamental iron, a rarity, perhaps meteoric, as jewelry or magical stuff, occurs in east Europe sporadically in the time of the XVIIIth Dynasty. This must be distinguished from the copious useful iron which appears in Greece much later from the NorthJ. L. M.

Fn-10.5 Caesar _de Bello Gallico_ says Britons tabooed hare, fowl, and goose.G. Wh.

Fn-10.6 All Old World peoples who had entered upon the Neolithic stage grew and ate wheat, but the American Indians must have developed agriculture independently in America after their separation from the Old World populations. They never had wheat. Their cultivation was maize, Indian corn, a New World grain.

Fn-10.7 Poultry and hens eggs were late additions to the human cuisine, in spite of the large part they now play in our dietary. The hen is not mentioned in the Old Testament (but note the allusion to an egg, Job vi, 6) nor by Homer, Up to about 1,500 B.C. the only fowls in the world were jungle denizens in India and Burnish. The crowing of jungle cocks is noted by Glasfurd in his admirable accounts of tiger shooting as the invariable preliminary of dawn in the Indian jungle. Probably poultry were first domesticated in Burmah. They got to China, according to the records, only about 1,100 B.C. They reached Greece via Persia before the time of Socrates.. In the New Testament the crowning of the cock reproaches Peter for his desertion of the Master.

Fn-10.8 �Later Palaeolithic bone whistles are known. One may guess that reed pipes were an early invention.

Fn-10.9 The Quaternary Ice Age.

Fn-11.1 Glasfurds _Rifle and Romance in the Indian Jungle_, 1915.

Fn-11.2 Ludwig Hopf, in _The Human Selected,_ calls the later Palolithic art "masculine" and the Neolithic "feminine." The pottery was made by women, he says, and that accounts for it. But the arrow-heads were made by men, and there was nothing to prevent Neolithic men from taking scraps of bone or slabs of rock and carving themhad they dared. We suggest they did not dare to do so.

Fn-11.3 But Cicero says relegere, "to read over," and the binding of those who accept _religare_ is often written of as being merely the binding of a vow.

Fn-12.1 _My Diaries_ under date of July 25, 1894.

Fn-12.2 "Sunstone" culture became of the sun worship and the megaliths. This is not a very happily chosen term. It suggests a division equivalent to palaeolithic (old stone) and neolithic (new stone), whereas it is a subdivision of the neolithic culture.

Fn-12.3 Megalithic monuments have been made quite recently by primitive Indian peoples.

Fn-13.1 Sir Arthur Evans suggests that in America sign-language arose before speech, because the sign-language is common to all Indians in North America, whereas the languages are different. See his _Anthropology and the Classics_. G. M.

Fn-13.2 The four characters indicating "Affairs, query, imperative, old," placed in that order, for example, represent "Why walk in the ancient ways?" The Chinaman gives the bare cores of his meaning; the Englishman gets to it by a bold metaphor. He may be talking of conservatism in cooking or book-binding, but he will say: "Why walk in the ancient ways?" Mr. Arthur Waley, in the interesting essay on Chinese thought and poetry which precedes his book, _170 Chinese Poems_ (Constable, 1918), makes it clear how in these fields Chinese thought is kept practical and restricted by the limitations upon metaphor the contracted structure of Chinese imposes

Fn-13.3 The Polynesians appear to be a later eastward extension of the dark whites or brown peoples.

Fn-14.1 We shall use " Mesopotamia" here loosely for the Euphrates-Tigris country generally. Strictly, of course, as its name indicates, Mesopotamia (mid-rivers) means only the country _between_ those two great rivers. That country in the fork was probably very marshy and unhealthy in early times (Sayce) until it was drained by man, and the early cities grew up west of the Euphrates and east of the Tigris. Probably these rivers then flowed separately into the Persian Gulf.

Fn-14.2 Excavations conducted at Eridu by Capt. R. Campbell Thompson during the recent war have revealed an early Neolithic agricultural stage, before the invention of writing or the use of bronze beneath the earliest Sumerian foundations. The crops were cut by sickles of earthenware. Capt. Thompson thinks that these pre-Sumerian people were not of Sumerian race, but proto-Elamites. Entirely similar Neolithic remains have been found at Susa, once the chief city of Elam.

Fn-14.3 Sayce, in _Babylonian and Assyrian Life,_ estimates that in 6,500 B.C. Eridu was on the sea-coast.

Fn-14.4 Of unknown language and race, "neither Sumerian nor Semites," says Sayce. Their central city was Susa. Their archology is still largely an unworked mine. They are believed by some, says Sir. H. H. Johnston, to have been negroid in type. There is a strong negroid strain in the modern people of Elam.

Fn-14.5 II Kings, xv. 29, and xvi. 7 _et seq._; II Kings xvii. 3.

Fn-14.6 To be murdered by his sons.

Fn-14.7 Winckler (Craig), _History of Babylonia and Assyria._

Fn-14.8 3,733 B.C., Wallis Budge.

Fn-14.9 The great pyramid is 450 feet high and its side 700 feet long. It is calculated (says Wallis Budge) to weigh 4,883,000 tons. All this stone was lugged into place chiefly by human muscle.

Fn-14.10 There are variants to these names, and to most Egyptian names, for few self- respecting Egyptologists will tolerate the spelling of their colleagues, One may find, for instance, Thethmosis, Thoutmosis, Tahutmes, Thutmose, or Tethmosis; Amunothph, Amenhotep or Amenothes. A pleasing variation is to break up the name, as, for instance, Amen Hetep. This particular little constellation of variants is given here not only because it is amusing, but because it is desirable that the reader should know such variations exist. For most names the rule of this book has been to follow whatever usage has established itself in English literature , regardless of the possible contemporary pronunciation. Amenophiis for example, has been so written in English books for two centuries. It came into the language by indirect routes, but it is now as fairly established as is Damascus as the English name of a Syrian town. Nevertheless, there are limits to this classicism. The writer, after some vacillation has abandoned Oliver Goldsmith and Dr. Johnson in the case of "Peisistratus" and "Keltic," which were formerly spelt "Pisistratus" and "Celtic."

Fm_14.11 _China and the League of Nations,_ a pamphlet by Mr. Liang-Chi-Chao. _(Pekin Leader Office.)_

Fn-14.12 F. Ratzel, _History of Mankind_.

Fn-15.1 Sayce.

Fn-15.2 Mosso, _The Dawn of Mediterranean Civilization. R. L. C._

Fn-15.3 Cecil Torr, _Ancient Ships_.

Fn-15.4 There were no domesticated camels in Africa until after the Persian conquest of Egypt. This must have greatly restricted the desert routes. (See Bunbury, _History of Ancient Geography,_ note to Chap. VIII.) But the Sahara desert of 3,000 or 2,000 years ago was less parched and sterile than it is to-day. From rock engravings we may deduce the theory that the desert was crossed from oasis to oasis by riding oxen and by ox-carts: perhaps, also, on horses and asses. The camel as a beast of transport was seemingly not introduced into North Africa till the Arab invasions of the seventh century A.D. The fossil remains of camels are found in Algeria, and wild camels may have lingered in the wastes of the Sahara and Somaliland till the domesticated camel was introduced. The Nubian wild ass also seems to have extended its range to the Sahara H. H. J.

Fn-15.5 There was Sumerian trade organized round the temples before the Semites got into Babylonia. See Hall and King, _Archaeological Discoveries