An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law by Roscoe Pound (free novels to read .txt) π
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be just from convention or enactment. The latter, he says, can be just only with respect to those things which by nature are indifferent. Thus when a newly reconstituted city took a living Spartan general for its eponymus, no one was bound by nature to sacrifice to Brasidas as to an ancestor, but he was bound by enactment and after all the matter was one of convention, which, in a society framed on the model of an organized kindred, required that the citizens have a common heroic ancestor, and was morally indifferent. The distinction was handed down to modern legal science by Thomas Aquinas, was embodied in Anglo-American legal thought by Blackstone, and has become staple. But it is quite out of its setting as a doctrine of mala prohibita and mala in se. An example of the distinction between law and rules of law has become the basis of an arbitrary line between the traditionally anti-social, penalized by the common law, and recently penalized infringements of newly or partially recognized s
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tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">46-47, 139-140
Coke, Sir Edward, 133
Commentators, the, 37
Common Law, the, and legislation, 139-140
professional view as to, 278
types of delictal liability in, 168
Community property, 229
Composition, 149, 241-242
Compromises, 94-95
Conceptions, legal, 116
Conditions "implied in law", 259
Conduct, application of law to, 137-139
expectations arising from, 189
Consciousness, as starting point, 84
Consideration, 240, 258-259, 267, 268, 271-273, 278-279
adequacy of, 273-274
circumstances keeping doctrine alive, 278-282
in equity, 258-259, 277
meanings of, 276-277
meritorious, 259
Contract
analogy of real transactions, 242
Anglo-American law of, 257-259
anomalies in law of, 282
bargain theory of, 269, 271-273
by estoppel, 187
categories of, 248
civil-law enforcement of, 238-240
common-law categories of, 274-275
common-law enforcement of, 240
consensual, 249
equivalent theory of, 255-256, 257-259, 269, 273-277
Fichte's theory of, 261-262
formal, 245-271
Hegel's theory of, 263
historical background of law of, 241 ff.
historical category of, 172
historical theory of, 266-269
injurious-reliance theory of, 261
innominate, 249, 261
Kant's theory of, 261
metaphysical theories of, 260-265
natural-law theory of, 260
"natural principle of", 45-46
objective theory of, 264-265
oral, 282
philosophy of, 253
philosophical theories of, 241
positive theory of, 265
real, 249, 275
religious origins of, 242-247, 252
Roman categories of, 45, 253, 260, 266
Romanist theory of, 263-265
simple, 275
specific enforcement of, 238-240
Spencer's theory of, 265
subjective theory of, 271
theory of basis in personality, 263-265
theory of inherent moral force, 259-260, 261
third-party beneficiaries of, 273
will theory of, 264-265, 269-271, 281-282
Corpus Iuris Canonici, 252
Court and jury, 111
Courts, contest with Crown, 53
Culpa, 170, 175
abstract standard of, 177
concrete standard of, 178
contractual, 170
delictal, 170
Culpability 158
as basis of liability 184
fiction of 158, 178
Custody 222-223
D'Aguesseau 254
Debt 174, 244, 275
Defamation 280, 281
Delicts, equitable 159
historical category of 172
nominate 162, 169-170, 175
Demosthenes 22
Depositum 249
Derivative acquisition 207
Derry v. Peek 281
Dicey, A. V. 184
Digest of Justinian 107
Discovery 195, 201
Discretion 117, 119, 129
margin of 132
of the chancellor 130-133
relation of to rule 112, 141-143
Dispensing power 113
Distributions, Statute of 142
Division of labor 56, 176, 191
Doctor and Student 252, 259
Doe, Chief Justice 185
Dolus 156, 159, 169, 175
Dominium 199, 225
Due care 170, 175
standard of 119-120
Duguit, L. 98, 232
Dumoulin 39
Dunedin, Lord 276
Duress 159
Duties 173
relational 85
Economic interpretation 66-67, 179-180
Eldon, Lord 47
Empiricism, judicial 34, 283
juristic 34
End of law 54, 59-99
as a measure of value 96
Greek conception of 74-77
ideals of as basis of juristic theories 71-72
keeping the peace as 72-74
maximum individual self-assertion as 84-87
medieval conception of 78-80
nineteenth-century conception of 83-85
preserving social status quo as 74-81
rise of new ideas as to 87-99
Roman conception of 77-78
theories of 72-99
English juristic theory 64
Englishmen, common-law rights of 43, 53
Enterprises, conduct of 137-189
Equality 82-85
Equitable application of law 122, 126-129
Equities 121
Equity 28, 47, 57, 59, 117, 130-133, 137-138, 258-259, 271
and natural law 41, 102, 112, 114, 153, 178
of the tribunal 102
provision for a child as consideration in 272, 274
securing a creditor as consideration in 272
settlement on a wife as consideration in 272, 274
will not aid a volunteer 272
Ethical interpretation 266
Familia 200
Fichte, theory of contract 261-262
Fictions 102-108, 115
dogmatic 179, 180, 274
of culpability 178-179
of negligence 179
of representation 166, 179
of undertaking 171
Fiducia cum amico 249
Fifth Amendment 51
Finding law 100, 104-105
Form and intention 154-155
Formal contracts, 245, 271, 275
historical origin of, 245-247
Formal undertaking, 155
Forms in primitive thinking, 247-248
Formulas, elasticity of, 121
Fortescue, 38
Fourteenth Amendment, 51
Freedom of contract, 191, 265, 267-269
Freedom of industry, 191
French Civil Code, 48, 162, 163
law of delictal liability, 167-168
monarchy, legal theory under, 64
Functional attitude, 91
Generalizations, 145
General security, 72, 96, 149-150, 171, 175, 176, 179, 193, 282
how infringed, 177
Germanic law, 36, 41, 79, 251, 254
Gifts, reformation of, 273
Gloss, The, 37
Glossators, 40
Good faith, 153, 155, 157, 170
corollaries of, 188-189
Gray, J. C., 102
Greek city, problem of order in, 75
security of social institutions in, 75
Greek law, 20-27, 151, 175
Greek philosophers, conception of the end of law, 35, 74-77
conception of the nature of law, 81
conception of the general security, 74
on subjects of litigation, 97, 241
Grotius, 196, 205-207, 260
Hammurapi, 60
Hard bargains, 132
Hegel, 84, 216, 274
theory of contract, 262
theory of property, 214-216
Heraditus, 76
Hindu law, 226-227, 243-245
Hippodamus, 241
Historical application of law, 125-126
Historical categories, 172
Historical school, 279
Holmes, Mr. Justice, 166
Household, partition of, 226-227
Husband and wife, 188
matrimonial property regime, 229
Hybris, 77
Idealism, juridical, 41-42, 91
Idealistic interpretation, 266
Imperium, 199
Coke, Sir Edward, 133
Commentators, the, 37
Common Law, the, and legislation, 139-140
professional view as to, 278
types of delictal liability in, 168
Community property, 229
Composition, 149, 241-242
Compromises, 94-95
Conceptions, legal, 116
Conditions "implied in law", 259
Conduct, application of law to, 137-139
expectations arising from, 189
Consciousness, as starting point, 84
Consideration, 240, 258-259, 267, 268, 271-273, 278-279
adequacy of, 273-274
circumstances keeping doctrine alive, 278-282
in equity, 258-259, 277
meanings of, 276-277
meritorious, 259
Contract
analogy of real transactions, 242
Anglo-American law of, 257-259
anomalies in law of, 282
bargain theory of, 269, 271-273
by estoppel, 187
categories of, 248
civil-law enforcement of, 238-240
common-law categories of, 274-275
common-law enforcement of, 240
consensual, 249
equivalent theory of, 255-256, 257-259, 269, 273-277
Fichte's theory of, 261-262
formal, 245-271
Hegel's theory of, 263
historical background of law of, 241 ff.
historical category of, 172
historical theory of, 266-269
injurious-reliance theory of, 261
innominate, 249, 261
Kant's theory of, 261
metaphysical theories of, 260-265
natural-law theory of, 260
"natural principle of", 45-46
objective theory of, 264-265
oral, 282
philosophy of, 253
philosophical theories of, 241
positive theory of, 265
real, 249, 275
religious origins of, 242-247, 252
Roman categories of, 45, 253, 260, 266
Romanist theory of, 263-265
simple, 275
specific enforcement of, 238-240
Spencer's theory of, 265
subjective theory of, 271
theory of basis in personality, 263-265
theory of inherent moral force, 259-260, 261
third-party beneficiaries of, 273
will theory of, 264-265, 269-271, 281-282
Corpus Iuris Canonici, 252
Court and jury, 111
Courts, contest with Crown, 53
Culpa, 170, 175
abstract standard of, 177
concrete standard of, 178
contractual, 170
delictal, 170
Culpability 158
as basis of liability 184
fiction of 158, 178
Custody 222-223
D'Aguesseau 254
Debt 174, 244, 275
Defamation 280, 281
Delicts, equitable 159
historical category of 172
nominate 162, 169-170, 175
Demosthenes 22
Depositum 249
Derivative acquisition 207
Derry v. Peek 281
Dicey, A. V. 184
Digest of Justinian 107
Discovery 195, 201
Discretion 117, 119, 129
margin of 132
of the chancellor 130-133
relation of to rule 112, 141-143
Dispensing power 113
Distributions, Statute of 142
Division of labor 56, 176, 191
Doctor and Student 252, 259
Doe, Chief Justice 185
Dolus 156, 159, 169, 175
Dominium 199, 225
Due care 170, 175
standard of 119-120
Duguit, L. 98, 232
Dumoulin 39
Dunedin, Lord 276
Duress 159
Duties 173
relational 85
Economic interpretation 66-67, 179-180
Eldon, Lord 47
Empiricism, judicial 34, 283
juristic 34
End of law 54, 59-99
as a measure of value 96
Greek conception of 74-77
ideals of as basis of juristic theories 71-72
keeping the peace as 72-74
maximum individual self-assertion as 84-87
medieval conception of 78-80
nineteenth-century conception of 83-85
preserving social status quo as 74-81
rise of new ideas as to 87-99
Roman conception of 77-78
theories of 72-99
English juristic theory 64
Englishmen, common-law rights of 43, 53
Enterprises, conduct of 137-189
Equality 82-85
Equitable application of law 122, 126-129
Equities 121
Equity 28, 47, 57, 59, 117, 130-133, 137-138, 258-259, 271
and natural law 41, 102, 112, 114, 153, 178
of the tribunal 102
provision for a child as consideration in 272, 274
securing a creditor as consideration in 272
settlement on a wife as consideration in 272, 274
will not aid a volunteer 272
Ethical interpretation 266
Familia 200
Fichte, theory of contract 261-262
Fictions 102-108, 115
dogmatic 179, 180, 274
of culpability 178-179
of negligence 179
of representation 166, 179
of undertaking 171
Fiducia cum amico 249
Fifth Amendment 51
Finding law 100, 104-105
Form and intention 154-155
Formal contracts, 245, 271, 275
historical origin of, 245-247
Formal undertaking, 155
Forms in primitive thinking, 247-248
Formulas, elasticity of, 121
Fortescue, 38
Fourteenth Amendment, 51
Freedom of contract, 191, 265, 267-269
Freedom of industry, 191
French Civil Code, 48, 162, 163
law of delictal liability, 167-168
monarchy, legal theory under, 64
Functional attitude, 91
Generalizations, 145
General security, 72, 96, 149-150, 171, 175, 176, 179, 193, 282
how infringed, 177
Germanic law, 36, 41, 79, 251, 254
Gifts, reformation of, 273
Gloss, The, 37
Glossators, 40
Good faith, 153, 155, 157, 170
corollaries of, 188-189
Gray, J. C., 102
Greek city, problem of order in, 75
security of social institutions in, 75
Greek law, 20-27, 151, 175
Greek philosophers, conception of the end of law, 35, 74-77
conception of the nature of law, 81
conception of the general security, 74
on subjects of litigation, 97, 241
Grotius, 196, 205-207, 260
Hammurapi, 60
Hard bargains, 132
Hegel, 84, 216, 274
theory of contract, 262
theory of property, 214-216
Heraditus, 76
Hindu law, 226-227, 243-245
Hippodamus, 241
Historical application of law, 125-126
Historical categories, 172
Historical school, 279
Holmes, Mr. Justice, 166
Household, partition of, 226-227
Husband and wife, 188
matrimonial property regime, 229
Hybris, 77
Idealism, juridical, 41-42, 91
Idealistic interpretation, 266
Imperium, 199
"Implied" undertakings, 158, 171
Individual free self-assertion, 54
Individualization, 111, 113-114
by juries, 133-134
in criminal procedure, 138
in punitive justice, 134-135
judicial, 120-121
moral element in, 137
of penal treatment, 129-130
Individual life, 96
Inheritance, 139
Innkeeper, liability of, 186
Insult, 151
Intention, 189
as source of liability, 157
Interdependence, 56
Interdicts, 200
Interests, 89-90
compromises of, 94-95
delimitation of, 192
giving effect to, 90
group, 225
harmony of, 96
individual, in promised advantages, 236
intrinsic importance of, 95
inventory of, 90
of substance, 139, 237
recognition of, 90, 192
securing of 96, 97
valuing of 89, 95-99
weighing of 89, 94
Interpretation 51-52, 100
fiction of 102-108
genuine 105, 124
relation to law making 105
Jessel, Sir George 268
Judicial, contrasted with administrative 108
Jural postulates 169-179, 188, 192-193, 193-194, 237, 249, 284
Juridical idealism 41-42, 91
Jurisconsults 30, 43-44
Jurisprudence, problems of 111
Juristic theories, nature of 69
Jurists, metaphysical 52, 68
search for the more inclusive order 145
seventeenth and eighteenth-century 43-44
Jurist-theologians 39
Spanish 81-82, 83
Jury 129, 133-134
lawlessness of 138
Jus 31
Jus disponendi 221
Just, the, by nature or by convention 25, 27, 31, 55
Justice, Aristotle on 25,
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