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43. Harry W. Pfanz, Gettysburg: The First Day (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 21, 344.

44. Freeman Cleaves, Meade of Gettysburg (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960), 122–24; George Meade Jr., The Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade, Major-General, United States Army (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913), 2:2–5; Ethan S. Rafuse, George Gordon Meade and the War in the East (Abilene, TX: McWhiney Foundation Press, 2003), 24.

45. Douglas Craig Haines, “‘Lights Mingled with Shadows’: Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell—July 1, 1863,” Gettysburg Magazine 45 (July 2011): 68–70.

46. Harry W. Pfanz, Gettysburg: The Second Day (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), 486; John J. Pullen, The Twentieth Maine (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1957), 124.

47. Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 9–19; Scott Bowden and Bill Ward, Last Chance for Victory: Robert E. Lee and the Gettysburg Campaign (New York: Da Capo, 2001), 427–70; George R. Stewart, Pickett’s Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Attack at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863 (Dayton, OH: Morningside Press, 1980), 263, 295–97.

48. Gorgas, diary entry for July 28, 1863, in The Journals of Josiah Gorgas, 75.

49. Capt. Frank Imboden, diary entry for July 17–18, 1863, in Spencer C. Tucker, Brigadier General John D. Imboden: Confederate Commander in the Shenandoah (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2003), 150, 172.

50. William Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors, 312.

51. “Occupation of Nashville,” February 26, 1862, in The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1862), 4:205; Engle, Buell, 185, 316–20.

52. Whitelaw Reid, Ohio in the War: Her Statesmen, Her Generals, and Soldiers (New York: Moore, Wilstach and Baldwin, 1868), 1:313–14, 325–26, 328–29; Garfield to Lucretia Garfield, February 13, 1863, in The Wild Life of the Army: Civil War Letters of James A. Garfield, ed. F. D. Williams (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1964), 233.

53. Davis to J. A. Seddon, December 18, 1862, in Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist: Letters, Papers and Speeches, ed. Dunbar Rowland (Jackson: Mississippi Department of Archives and History, 1923), 5:386; Hudson Strode, Jefferson Davis: Confederate President (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1959), 2:344–45.

54. James Lee McDonough, Stones River—Bloody Winter in Tennessee (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980), 118–22; William M. Lamars, The Edge of Glory: A Biography of General William S. Rosecrans, U.S.A. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999), 213–14, 219, 223, 225, 233–36.

55. Peter Cozzens, No Better Place to Die: The Battle of Stones River (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 172–74; Robert P. Broadwater, General George H. Thomas: A Biography of the Union’s “Rock of Chickamauga” (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009), 100–101; Wilson J. Vance, Stone’s River: The Turning-Point of the Civil War (New York: Neale, 1914), 56–57.

56. Cleburne to Bragg, January 13, 1863, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 20(I):684.

57. McWhiney, Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat, 374, 378.

58. J. P. McCown to Braxton Bragg, July 17, 1862, and “Special Orders No. 3,” September 25, 1862, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 16(I):801, 16(II):876–77; Thomas Jordan and J. P. Pryor, The Campaigns of Lieut. Gen. N.B. Forrest, and of Forrest’s Cavalry (New Orleans: Blelock, 1868), 162, 172–81; John Allan Wyeth, That Devil Forrest: The Life of General Nathan Bedford Forrest (New York: Harper, 1959), 92–125; Thomas A. Head, Campaigns and Battles of the Sixteenth Regiment, Tennessee Volunteers, in the War Between the States (Nashville, TN: Cumberland Presbyterian, 1885), 425.

59. Morton, The Artillery of Nathan Bedford Forrest’s Cavalry (Paris, TN: Guild Bindery Press, 1988 [1909]), 12, 13.

60. Ibid., 16–17.

61. Louis Garesché, Biography of Lieut. Col. Julius P. Garesché, Assistant Adjutant-General, U.S. Army (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1887), 439; Halleck to Rosecrans February 1, 1863, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 22(II):31; Lamars, The Edge of Glory, 267–68.

62. “General Halleck’s Report of Operations in 1863,” November 15, 1863, in The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1865), 8:181; Freeman Cleaves, Rock of Chickamauga: The Life of General George H. Thomas (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1948), 149–50.

63. Steven E. Woodworth, Six Armies in Tennessee: The Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 65.

64. Dana, Recollections of the Civil War, 115, 117.

65. “Report of Brigadier-General B. R. Johnson,” October 26, 1863, in Rebellion Record, 10:407–16; Peter Cozzens, This Terrible Sound: The Battle of Chickamauga (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 357–73; Glenn Tucker, Chickamauga: Bloody Battle in the West (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1963), 250–77.

66. John Hay, diary entry for October 19 and October 24, 1863, in Inside Lincoln’s White House, 94, 98; James Lee McDonough, Chattanooga—A Death Grip on the Confederacy (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984), 45–46; Charles A. Dana to Stanton, October 18, 1863, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 30(I):221.

67. Ulysses S. Grant, “Personal Memoirs,” in Memoirs and Selected Letters, ed. M. D. McFeely and W. S. McFeely (New York: Library of America, 1990), 388–89; Alexander K. McClure, Lincoln and Men of War-Times (Philadelphia: Times, 1892), 196; Carpenter, Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln, 247.

68. Dana, Recollections of the Civil War, 61; Wiley Sword, Mountains Touched with Fire: Chattanooga Besieged, 1863 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995), 53; Bruce Catton, Grant Takes Command (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), 34–35.

69. W. F. Dowd, “Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge,” The Southern Bivouac 1 (November 1885): 399; Larry J. Daniel, Days of Glory: The Army of the Cumberland, 1861–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004), 375–76; Thomas L. Connelly, Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee, 1862–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971), 275–76.

70. McDonough, Chattanooga, 35.

71. “Speech of A. H. Stephens,” in The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1861), 1:45; Marilyn Mayer Culpeper, Trials and Triumphs: Women of the American Civil War (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1991), 21; Jim Jeffcoat, in Armstead L. Robinson, Bitter Fruits of Bondage: The Demise of Slavery and the Collapse of the Confederacy, 1861–1865 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2005), 82; Mosby, Memoirs, 19.

72. Gary W.