Hadji Murád by Leo Tolstoy (best mobile ebook reader .txt) 📕
Description
In this short novel, Tolstoy fictionalizes the final days of Hadji Murád, a legendary Avar separatist who fought against, and later with, Russia, as the Russian Empire was struggling to annex Chechnya and the surrounding land in the late 1840s.
The novel opens with the narrator finding a thistle crushed in a blooming field, which reminds him of Hadji Murád and his tragic tale. As the narrator recounts the story, the reader is quickly thrust into the rich, colorful history of the Caucuses, and its people’s fight against Russian imperialism.
Hadji Murád is portrayed as a legendary and imposing, yet friendly and approachable figure. Despite his reputation, it seems that his best days are behind him; as the novel opens, Murád is fleeing Shamil, a powerful imam who has captured Murád’s family. Murád finds himself thrust between the invading Russians on one side, and Shamil’s vengeance on the other.
As Murád and his tiny but loyal group of warriors try to forge alliances in their attempt to rescue Murád’s family, they quickly find themselves politically outclassed. The Russians are Murád’s enemies, yet only they can help him in his struggle against Shamil; and after years of losses incurred by Murád’s guerrilla tactics, the Russians would like his help but cannot trust him. Shamil, on the other hand, is a deep link to the region’s complex web of tribal blood feuds, vengeances, reprisals, and quarrels over honor. He’s one of the few powers left standing between the Russians and their control of the Caucuses, but Murád, having crossed him, can’t rescue his family from Shamil’s clutches without the help of the Russians.
Murád’s impossible position, the contradiction between his legendary past and his limping, dignified, and ultimately powerless present, and the struggle against a mighty empire by a people torn by internecine conflict, form the major thematic threads of the novel.
The novel was one of the last that Tolstoy finished before his death, and was only published posthumously in 1912. Tolstoy himself served in the Crimean War, and the war scenes portrayed in the novel echo his personal experiences. As the story progresses, Tolstoy characterizes various real-life historical personalities besides Hadji Murád and Shamil, including Emperor Nicholas I, Mikhail Loris-Melikov, and Count Vorontsov-Dashkov, making this a fascinating piece of historical fiction. Despite this being such a late entry in Tolstoy’s corpus, it has been highly praised by critics both contemporary and modern, with the famous critic Harold Bloom going so far as to say that Hadji Murád is “my personal touchstone for the sublime of prose fiction, to me the best story in the world, or at least the best I have ever read.”
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- Author: Leo Tolstoy
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“Good or bad?”
“It all depends. … Good for us but bad for some people,” and Kámenev laughed.
By this time they had reached the Major’s house.
“Chikhirév,” shouted Kámenev to one of his Cossacks, “come here!”
A Don Cossack rode up from among the others. He was dressed in the ordinary Don Cossack uniform, with high boots and a mantle, and carried saddlebags behind.
“Well, take the thing out,” said Kámenev, dismounting.
The Cossack also dismounted, and took a sack out of his saddlebag. Kámenev took the sack from him and put his hand in.
“Well, shall I show you a novelty? You won’t be frightened, Márya Dmítrievna?”
“Why should I be frightened?” she replied.
“Here it is!” said Kámenev, taking out a man’s head and holding it up in the light of the moon. “Do you recognize it?”
It was a shaven head with salient brows, black short-cut beard and mustaches, one eye open and the other half-closed. The shaven skull was cleft, but not right through, and there was congealed blood in the nose. The neck was wrapped in a bloodstained towel. Notwithstanding the many wounds on the head, the blue lips still bore a kindly childlike expression.
Márya Dmítrievna looked at it, and without a word turned away and went quickly into the house.
Butler could not tear his eyes from the terrible head. It was the head of that very Hadji Murád with whom he had so recently spent his evenings in such friendly intercourse.
“What does this mean? Who has killed him?” he asked.
“He wanted to give us the slip, but was caught,” said Kámenev, and he gave the head back to the Cossack, and went into the house with Butler.
“He died like a hero,” he added.
“But however did it all happen?”
“Just wait a bit. When the Major comes I will tell you all about it. That’s what I am sent for. I take it round to all the forts and aouls and show it.”
The Major was sent for, and came back accompanied by two other officers as drunk as himself, and began embracing Kámenev.
“And I have brought you Hadji Murád’s head,” said Kámenev.
“No? … Killed?”
“Yes; wanted to escape.”
“I always said he would bamboozle them! … and where is it? The head, I mean. … Let’s see it.”
The Cossack was called, and brought in the bag with the head. It was taken out, and the Major looked long at it with drunken eyes.
“All the same, he was a fine fellow,” said he. “Let me kiss him!”
“Yes, it’s true. It was a valiant head,” said one of the officers.
When they had all looked at it, it was returned to the Cossack, who put it in his bag, trying to let it bump against the floor as gently as possible.
“I say, Kámenev, what speech do you make when you show the head?” asked an officer.
“No! … Let me kiss him. He gave me a sword!” shouted the Major.
Butler went out into the porch.
Márya Dmítrievna was sitting on the second step. She looked round at Butler, and at once turned angrily away again.
“What’s the matter, Márya Dmítrievna?” asked he.
“You’re all cutthroats! … I hate it! You’re cutthroats, really,” and she got up.
“It might happen to anyone,” remarked Butler, not knowing what to say. “That’s war.”
“War? War, indeed! … Cutthroats and nothing else. A dead body should be given back to the earth, and they’re grinning at it there! … Cutthroats, really,” she repeated, as she descended the steps and entered the house by the back door.
Butler returned to the room, and asked Kámenev to tell them in detail how the thing had happened.
And Kámenev told them.
This is what had happened.
XXVHadji Murád was allowed to go out riding in the neighborhood of the town, but never without a convoy of Cossacks. There was only half a troop of them altogether in Nukhá, ten of whom were employed by the officers, so that if ten were sent out with Hadji Murád (according to the orders received) the same men would have had to go every other day. Therefore after ten had been sent out the first day, it was decided to send only five in future, and Hadji Murád was asked not to take all his henchmen with him. But on April the 25th he rode out with all five. When he mounted, the commander, noticing that all five henchmen were going with him, told him that he was forbidden to take them all; but Hadji Murád pretended not to hear, touched his horse, and the commander did not insist.
With the Cossacks rode a noncommissioned officer, Nazárov, who had received the Cross of St. George for bravery. He was a young, healthy, brown-haired lad, as fresh as a rose. He was the eldest of a poor family belonging to the sect of Old Believers, had grown up without a father, and had maintained his old mother, three sisters, and two brothers.
“Mind, Nazárov, keep close to him!” shouted the commander.
“All right, your honor!” answered Nazárov, and rising in his stirrups and adjusting the rifle that hung at his back, he started his fine large roan gelding at a trot. Four Cossacks followed him: Therapóntov, tall and thin, a regular thief and plunderer (it was he who had sold gunpowder to Gamzálo); Ignátov, a sturdy peasant who boasted of his strength, though he was no longer young, and had nearly completed his service; Míshkin, a weakly lad at whom everybody laughed; and the young fair-haired Petrakóv, his mother’s only son, always amiable and jolly.
The morning had been misty, but it cleared up later on, and the opening foliage, the young virgin grass, the sprouting corn, and the ripples of the rapid river just visible to the left of the road, all glittered in the sunshine.
Hadji Murád rode slowly along, followed by the Cossacks and by his henchmen. They rode out along the road beyond the fort at a walk. They met women carrying baskets on their heads, soldiers driving carts, and creaking wagons drawn by buffaloes. When he had gone about a
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