Like a Virgin by Prasad, Aarathi (recommended reading txt) 📕

Human Sterility.’ Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 19(8):573–91.

Heaton, Claude E. (1956) ‘The Influence of J. Marion Sims on Gynecology.’ Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 32(9): 685–8.

Henig, Robin Marantz (2004). Pandora’s Baby: How the First Test Tube Babies Sparked the Reproductive Revolution. Cold Spring, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress.

7. Out of Time

Checa, Miguel A., Pablo Alonso-Coello, et al. (2009). ‘IVF/ICSI with or without Preimplantation Genetic Screening for Aneuploidy in Couples without Genetic Disorders: ASystematic Review and Meta-analysis.’ Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 26(5): 273–83.

Just, W., A. Baumstark, et al. (2007). ‘Ellobius lutescens: Sex Determination and Sex Chromosome.’ Journal of Sexual Development 1(4): 211–21.

Marais, Gabriel A. B., Paulo R. A. Campos, and Isabel Gordo (2010). ‘Can Intra-Y Gene Conversion Oppose the Degeneration of the Human Y Chromosome? A SimulationStudy.’ Genome Biology and Evolution 2: 347–57.

Shah, Kavita, Gayahtri Sivapalan, Nicola Gibbons, Helen Tempest, and Darren K. Griffin (2003). ‘The Genetic Basis of Infertility.’ Reproduction 126(1):13–25.

8. Real Men Bear Children

Alhusen, Jeanne L. (2008). ‘A Literature Update on Maternal-fetal Attachment.’ Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & NeonatalNursing 37(3): 315–28.

Aristarkhova, Irina (2005). ‘Ectogenesis and Mother as Machine.’ Body & Society 11(3): 43–59.

Bulletti, Carlo, Antonio Palagiano, et al. (2011). ‘The Artificial Womb.’ Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1221: 124–8.

Otway, Nick, and Megan Ellis (2011). ‘Construction and Test of an Artificial Uterus for Ex Situ Development of Shark Embryos.’ Zoological Biology 30:1–9.

Raju, Tonse N. K. (2011). ‘Perinatal Profiles: Martin Couney and Newborn Infant Sideshows.’ NeoReviews 12(3): e127–9.

Unno, Nobuya, Yoshinori Kuwabara, et al. (1993). ‘Development of an Artificial Placenta: Survival of Isolated Goat Fetuses for Three Weeks with Umbilical ArteriovenousExtracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.’ Artificial Organs 17(12): 996–1003.

9. Going Solo

Kawahara, Manabu, and Tomohiro Kono (2009). ‘Longevity in Mice without a Father.’ Human Reproduction 25(2): 457–61.

Kenny, Nancy J., and Michelle L. McGowan (2010). ‘Looking Back: Egg Donors’ Retrospective Evaluations of Their Motivations, Expectations, and Experiences duringTheir First Donation Cycle.’ Fertility and Sterility 93(2): 455–66.

Krueger, Andrew T., Larryn W. Peterson et al. (2011). ‘Encoding Phenotype in Bacteria with an Alternative Genetic Set.’ Journal of the American ChemicalSociety 133(45): 18447–51.

White, Yvonne A. R., Dori C. Woods, et al. (2012). ‘Oocyte Formation by Mitotically Active Germ Cells Purified from Ovaries of Reproductive-age Women.’ NatureMedicine 18(3): 413–21.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This book would not have been possible without the help and support of many people. I am indebted to you.

For inspiration, for your ears and eyes, for being intrepid archaeologists of obscure journals, for helping me pin down the science, and for your patience and many kindnesses: Professor Armand Leroi, Nalini Persad, Lynn Saliba, Dr Robin Lovell-Badge, Dr Evan Harris, Anjali Bhargava, Amanda Hargreaves, Frank Swain, Jessica Hamzelou, Dr Abul Tarafder, Dr David Mann, Mira Samlal and Surian Fletcher-Jones. For sharing your ideas on (some particularly difficult) ethics: Dr Anna Smajdor, Dr John Harris, and Clare Lewis-Jones MBE. For leisurely lunches in the once all-male common room at UCL, sharing J. B. S. Haldane stories and monographs, and contemplating the reproductive biology of the Blessed Virgin: Professor Sam Berry. For fascinating medical and scientific discussions: Professor Darren Griffin, Professor Karim Nayernia, Dr Olga Kapellou, and Dr Allan Pacey.

My very special thanks also to: Professor John Wood, whom I befriended on a flight to the Bahamas and who quite literally changed the course of my life; Peter Tallack, my literary agent; Marsha Fillion, who commissioned this book while at Oneworld, and my editor, Robin Dennis, who is pure genius; Tara Lumley-Savile, for putting up with me as I worked mornings, evenings, and weekends instead of doing fun things with you like the other mums – my deepest gratitude to you also because you sparked the idea that made me start this book; and Dr João Medeiros, who made me finish it. Thank you, thank you.

INDEX

abortion

adoptions

Aeschylus

African bat bug

AIDS

Al-Jahiz

Alexander the Great

American Civil War

amino acids

An Account of the Breeding of Worms in Human Bodies

Andry, Nicolas

Angelman syndrome

aphids, reproduction

Aristotle

on atomism

on fertility

On the Generation of Animals

Aristotle’s Masterpiece

ART (assisted reproductive technology)

artificial insemination

artificial life form, first

Asia Minor

atomism

autism

bacteria

enterobacteria

Mycoplasma genitalium

Salmonella typhi

Wolbachia

Baer, Karl Ernst von

Balfour-Lynn, Stanley Dr

Bartholin, Thomas

Beckwith-Wiedemann

bees

Beneden, Edouard Van

Berry, Sam

Bhalla-Pentley, Melissa

biological parent, redefining

bipolar affective disorder

birds

birth defects

Bland, Kim

Blyth, Professor Eric

Bosch, Hieronymous

BrannstrÖm, Mats

British Fertility Society

Bronze Age

Brown, Lesley

Brown, John

Brown, Louise Joy

Brown, Natalie

Brown University

Budin, Pierre-Constant

Buley, Kevin

Bulletti, Professor Carlo

Bunker, Chang and Eng

Butscher, Susanne

Buttle, Elizabeth

Caesarean sections

cancer

Campbell, Kathleen

Carson, Sandra

Celera Genomics

cells

copying

germ

red blood

Sertoli

chickens

chlamydia

chromosomes

abnormalities

deterioration of Y

X

XO

XY

XX

XXX

XXXX

Y

clitoris

cloning

contraceptives

coronary heart disease

cot death syndrome

CSF (cytostatic factor)

Couney, Dr Martin Arthur

cystic fibrosis

cytoplasm

Daily Mail

Daily Telegraph

Dalenpatius

Darwin, Charles

de la Chapelle syndrome

De Temperamentis

de Villeneuve

diabetes

Dor Yeshorim

DNA

CGG

Dlk1-Dio3

eggs, one set of

Fragile X

genetic diversity

human genome

isolating

misrepeating

of ovarian teratomas

Dolly the sheep

Down syndrome

drugs, misuse

dwarfism

eclampsia

pre-

ectogenesis

Edwards, Robert

eggs

and mammals

artificial

buying/trafficking

creating complete new being

dividing

donated

effects of ageing

first fertilized outside womb,

freezing

from stem cells

how develop in the body

numbers in females

one set of DNA

predisposed to X or Y

chromosomes

declining numbers in females

regulations concerning

when formed

women’s, and evolution

ejaculation

ejaculatory duct

electric ant

Ellis, Megan

embryo

Entozoa

epigeneics

epilepsy

eukaryote

European Parliament

Evening Standard

Evening News

Experiments Conerning the Generation of Animals

Fageeh, Dr Wafa

Fallopian tubes

families, biological

fertility

declining rates

Fertility First

foetal alcohol syndrome

foetus

Folge, C.

follicles

Fragile X syndrome

Francis I

frogs

fruit fly

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

Galen, Aelius

De Temperamentis

Galilei, Galileo

Gardianul

gene therapy

genes

BRCA1

cftr

c-mos

disorders

Dlk1-Dio3

effects on woman’s fertility & sterility

EYCL3

expression

FMR1

H19

IGF2

mhc

PEG

recessive

SOX9

SRY

syncytin

geneticists

genetics

genomes

genomic imprinting

Girault

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

Gould, Stephen Jay

green swordtail

Guardianul

Hackney

Haldane, J.B.S.

Ham, Johan

Hamilton, E.D.

‘Hapsburg jaw’

Hartsoeker, Niklaas

Harvey, William

Hawkes, Kristen

HCG (human chorionic gonatrophin hormone)

Henry II

Henry IV

Henry Doorly Zoo, Nebraska

Heredity and Politics

hermaphroditism

Herodotus

Herophilos

Hippocrates

HIV

Hohenheim, Phillipus Bombastus von

HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis)

Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority

Human Genome Project

Hunter, John

Huntington’s disease

Huxley, Thomas Henry

hyenas

ICSI (intrra-cytoplasmic sperm injection)

immune system

imprinting

inbreeding

incubators

Independent

infertility

INSERM

insulin

in vitro-derived cells

Islam, medieval, biological ideas

IUI (intra uterine insemination)

IVF (in vitro fertilization)

Catholic opposition to

first IVF baby

James I

Japanese Ryukyu spiny rat

Jefferson Medical College

Jones, Emmimarie

Jones, Jayne

Jones, Monica

Journal of Virology

Kaguya the mouse

Kitab al-Hayawan

kleptogenesis

Klinefelter syndrome

Komodo dragons

Kono, Tomohiro

Kuwabara, Professor Yoshinori

ladybird beetles

Leeuwenhoek, Antonie

Liu, Hung-Ching

lizards

Loeb, Jacques

London Zoo

Lozada, Dr. Géado

maize

malaria

male pregnancy

Male Nipples and Clitoral Ripples

mammals

Marfan syndrome

Marie Claire

marine species

Markert, Clement

Marmot, Sir Michael

marriages, consanguineous

marsupials

Masui, Yoshio

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome

Mayr, Ernst

Medici, Catherine de

Medina, Lina

meiosis

melanocortin

menopause

MHC molecules

mice

microscopes

miscarriage

mitosis

mole vole

molecules, MHC

mosquito

Mosuo

mothers, and bonding

moths

MPF (maturation promoting factor)

mutations

natural selection

Nature Genetics

Neesen, Dr Victor

New South Wales Department of

Primary Industries

New York Times

NHS

North East England Stem Cell Institute

nucleotides

Observer

obesity

oestradiol

oestrogen

Office for National Statistics (UK)

study of lone parents

OHSS (ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome)

Oldham and District General Hospital

On a True Parthenogenesis

On the Generation of Animals

On Viruses, Sex and Motherhood

‘oral conception’

Origen

Ottosson, Eva

Ottosson, Sara

Otway, Nick

ovarian teratomas

ovaries

cancer

cyst

first artificial

tumour

transplants

oxytocin

Owen, Richard

Pacey, Dr Allan

Palais de Beaux Arts

Pancoast, Professor