Studies in Forensic Psychiatry by Bernard Glueck (best black authors txt) đź“•
The reader will at once recognize in the above description the well-known Ganser symptom-complex, the several variations of which have been so frequently discussed of late years. Ganser[5] further showed that these cases frequently evidenced vivid auditory and visual hallucinations. At the same time there existed a more or less distinct clouding of consciousness, with the simultaneous presence of hysterical stigma
Read free book «Studies in Forensic Psychiatry by Bernard Glueck (best black authors txt) 📕» - read online or download for free at americanlibrarybooks.com
- Author: Bernard Glueck
- Performer: -
Read book online «Studies in Forensic Psychiatry by Bernard Glueck (best black authors txt) 📕». Author - Bernard Glueck
September 14, 1911:—Says he knows that red-haired Smith is trying to steal his wife, and that he is following him all over the country; that he was about to kill him in Jacksonville, Florida, but that he jumped out of a window. His violent attacks are becoming more severe and pronounced, and he requires constant watching to prevent him from doing himself bodily harm. He was also noted to have occasional mild attacks of petit mal.
On his way to Washington from the penitentiary at Leavenworth, upon his second transfer to this institution, the patient had been shackled to another prisoner who was supposed to be suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis. M. kept on begging the guards to be separated from this prisoner, and this request was finally granted. While going through the State of Iowa he jumped out through the window of the moving train. He was handcuffed at the time. After having gone about thirty miles he was recaptured. He had removed handcuffs soon after his escape from the train.
September 27:—On admission the patient limped and complained of great pain in both knees. Knees were swollen, bruised and discolored, and there was marked tenderness on touching. Patient entered the ward quietly, recognized those about him, and answered questions rationally. Said that aside from having been hurt in the knees, his left shoulder pained him a great deal. Upon being placed in bed he was asked by the examiner why he was sent here, to which he replied: “To get killed, I suppose.” Further questions failed to elicit any answers, and the interview had to be discontinued.
September 28:—Patient answered the following questions to the attendant on the ward:—
Q. “What is your name (full Christian name and surname)?”
A. “J. J. M.”
Q. “How old are you?”
A. “25.”
Q. “When were you born?”
A. “1885.”
Q. “What is your occupation?”
A. “Railroad man.”
Q. “Where were you born?”
A. “Charleston, South Carolina.”
Q. “What day is this?”
A. “Don’t know.”
Q. “What month, date and year is it?”
A. “August, 1911. Don’t know date of month.”
Q. “What time is it?”
A. “Don’t know.”
Q. “Where did you come from?”
A. “Leavenworth.”
Q. “Who brought you here?”
A. “Bunch of cut-throats, Sons of —— tried to starve me to death all the way down.”
Q. “How long were you in coming?”
A. “Don’t know.”
Q. “When did you come?”
A. “Don’t know what time it was.”
Q. “What is the name of this place?”
A. “Don’t know.”
Q. “Where is it?”
A. “On an island, I guess, some damn thing across the river.”
Q. “What sort of a place is this?”
A. “Mad-house.”
Q. “Who are these people about you?”
A. “Here to murder me.”
Q. “Is there anything wrong with them?”
A. “Nothing but black-hands anarchists.”
Q. “Who am I?”
A. “J. S.” (correct)
Q. “Why do you suppose I am asking you all these questions?”
A. “Don’t know.”
Q. “Why were you sent here?”
A. “To be dumped off, I guess.”
Q. “How do you feel?”
A. “Pretty bad this morning, my head hurts me.”
Q. “Are you sad or happy?”
A. “Neither one.”
Q. “Are you worried about something?”
A. “Why, sure I am.”
Q. “Did anything strange happen to you for which you can’t give yourself an account?”
A. “No.”
Q. “Do you hear voices talking to you?”
A. “Yes, hear you talking to me now.”
Q. “Do you see any strange things?”
A. “No.”
Q. “Do you ever have fits or convulsions?”
A. “No.”
Q. “Did you ever try to commit suicide?”
A. “No.”
Q. “Is there anybody trying to harm you in any way?”
A. “Yes, those black-hands anarchists.”
Q. “How much money are you worth?”
A. “Nothing.”
The foregoing two cases are representative of a group which unquestionably forms the most difficult part in the problem of caring for the insane criminals. Here we have a couple of individuals whose entire psychotic manifestations, if such they may be considered, consist of a most wild and vicious rebellion against imprisonment. They are individuals who cannot be kept under any prescribed mode of living, and when this is insisted upon, they react to it in an insane manner.
Bonhoeffer justly termed them “wild men”, for wild indeed they are when in one of their tantrums. The question arises, “Wherein lies the cause of this rebellion against discipline?” It certainly cannot be wholly attributed to the environment, for these individuals behave in a similar manner even when removed to the far more lenient régime of a hospital. We must seek an explanation for the behavior of these individuals in the individual himself, in his make-up.
Looking at the life history of the two foregoing patients we find them both to be of the most depraved class of society. The one is a professional prostitute; the other subsisting upon the earnings of a prostitute. Their relation with man has always been characterized by a sort of vicious vindictiveness. Their high-strung emotional make-up brought them into serious conflict with those about them on many occasions before. Being finally taken hold of by the law and made to submit to a certain well-regulated mode of existence, their inherent characteristics assert themselves in a most decisive way and they react to the situation in the manner of a trapped tiger, stopping at no means to gain their point. The one commits a homicide during one of her outbreaks of passion; the other risks his life to obtain his purpose, by jumping out of a moving train with his hands shackled. Their life seems to be one long series of impulsions, fostered and sustained by the extreme lability of their emotions. Intellectually they show no defect. They are keen and alert to every opportunity which presents itself to them and are very shrewd in the execution of their criminal acts. Finding themselves under a régime which exacts from them a certain submission to rules, to regulations, they begin to misinterpret ordinary occurrences in their environment in a sort of delusional manner: They are persecuted by the warden because the latter insists upon making them behave themselves; the keepers are a bunch of anarchists, whose entire occupation seems to be to persecute them and down them. This for no other reason than because they are made to work and to behave themselves. J. J. M. tells me that he will not behave himself, that he is not here to please anyone but himself and recognizes no authority other than that of Christ. The other says she raised so much hell at the prison that they had to send her back to the hospital. The distinguishing feature of their psychotic manifestations is that they are provoked essentially by definite situations. They are not a mere wild, misdirected, meaningless series of insane acts, such as one would expect from a demented person, but distinct reactions to situations. Refuse them a request and they at once become wild, abusive and vicious, smashing up everything that they can lay hands on; conversely, when granted some of their unreasonable requests, it serves at once to appease them for the time being at least. Their conduct, however, is very detrimental to the prison régime, as discipline cannot be maintained with such disturbing elements about. Their interpretations of discipline are considered as delusions of persecution, their outbursts of temper as typical maniacal outbreaks, and consequently they are shipped off to an insane asylum. Now the question arises whether we are doing our duty by society in declaring these individuals as irresponsible for their acts. In other words, should these individuals with marked and incorrectible criminalistic tendencies, be, so to speak, licensed to ignore the law in its entirety by giving them the protection of an insane asylum? Of course, from a broad, humane point of view, we must realize and appreciate that there is something distinctly wrong with these individuals, that their mental endowments are the essential factors which determine their behavior. On the other hand, we must not forget that these individuals fully realize that once they have been sent to an insane asylum, they are protected from punishment by law for all future time and they are ever ready to utilize this knowledge, as has been my experience with quite a number of recidivists, who somehow never get into an insane asylum until they are in the hands of the law. The scope of this paper will not permit me to enter into an extensive discussion on the treatment of these cases. I will say this, however,—that we are very far from having solved satisfactorily the question of the care of this particular class of insane criminals. As this paper is not primarily a discussion of the degenerative psychoses, I will refrain from reporting further cases. I believe I have shown by the preceding two cases that the mental disturbances of the degenerative individuals are essentially psychogenetic in origin.
REFERENCES[1] Van Renterghem, A. W.: Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Jan.-Feb., 1915.
[2] Kraepelin, E.: “Psychiatrie.” Achte Auflage. Leipzig, 1910. Bd. 1.
[3] Reich: “Ueber Akute Seelenstörungen in der Gefangenschaft.” Allgem. Zeitschr. f. Psych., 1871, Bd. 27, p. 405.
[4] Moeli: Ueber irre Verbrecher, 1888.
[5] Ganser: “Ueber einen eigenartigen hysterischen Dämmerzustand.” Archiv f. Psych., 30, 1889.
[6] Raecke: “Hysterischer Stupor bei Gefangenen.” Allgem. Zeitschr. f. Psych., 18. 409, 1901.
[7] Raecke: “Beitrag zur Kenntniss des hysterischen Dämmerzustandes.” Allgem. Zeitschr. f. Psych., 18. 115, 1901.
[8] Kutner: “Ueber Katatonische Zustandsbilder bei Degenerierten.” Allgem. Zeitschr. f. Psych., 67, p. 363.
[9] Siefert: “Ueber die Geistesstörungen der Strafhaft.” Halle a. S. 1907.
[10] Bonhoeffer: “Klinische Beiträge zur Lehre von den Degenerationspsychosen.” Halle a. S. 1907.
[11] Bratz: “Dass Krankheitsbild der Affect-Epilepsie.” Aerzt. Sachverst. Berlin, 1907. XIII. 112-116.
[12] Sturrock: “Certain Insane Conditions in Criminal Classes.” Journal of Mental Science, 56. 1910, p. 653.
[13] Birnbaum: “Psychosen mit Wahnbildungen und wahnhafte Einbildungen bei Degenerierten.” Halle a. S. 1908.
CHAPTER IITHE NATURE AND TREATMENT OF THE PSYCHOSES OF PRISONERS
Those who still believe in an exclusively materialistic theory of mental disorder must find it extremely difficult to maintain their doctrine in the face of the many incontrovertible facts brought to light through modern research in the field of psychopathology.
The modern trend in psychiatry is distinctly in the opposite direction. We no longer today insist upon material changes in cells and tissues for every psychotic phenomenon, but rather endeavor to investigate mental life, be it normal or abnormal, from the biologic point of view. We are being constantly confronted with the undeniable fact that whatever may be the physical substratum of mental disorder, it does not aid us in understanding the peculiar expression which a given psychosis chooses to assume. Why it is that one paretic greets us with the exalted mien of his grandiose delirium, while another spreads about him the gloom of a depressive delirium—the changes in the pyramidal cells do not explain. There must be, then,
Comments (0)