Disease and Its Causes by William Thomas Councilman (early reader books .TXT) đź“•
Living matter occurs always in the form of small masses called"cells," which are the living units. The cells vary in form, structureand size, some being so large that they can be seen with the nakedeye, while others are so small that they cannot be distinctly seenwith the highest power of the microscope. The living thing or organismmay be composed of a single cell or, in the case of the higher animalsand plants, may be formed of great numbers of cells, those of asimilar character being combined in masses to form organs such as theliver and brain.
In each cell there is a differentiated area constituting a specialstructure, the nucleus, which contains a pe
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SPORE FORMATION—A mode of reproduction in lower forms of life by which resistant bodies, spores, are formed. These have many analogies with the seed of higher plants.
SYMBIOSIS—A mutual adaptation between parasite and host.
TRANSUDATION—The normal interchange of fluid between the blood and the tissue fluids. The material interchanged is the transudate.
TROPISM—The influence of forces which direct the movement of cells.
ULTRA-MICROSCOPE—A form of microscope which by means of oblique illumination renders visible objects so small as to be invisible with the ordinary microscope.
VIRUS—A substance either living or formed by living things which may cause disease.
IndexAmoeba, 13
Anthrax, 109
Antitoxin, 154
Bacteria, 116
adaptation in, 123
ærobic, 122
anærobic, 122
artificial cultivation of, 119
distribution in nature, 121
growth and reproduction, 118
mode of action in disease, 144
size, 117
spore formation, 118
substances affecting growth of, 123
toxin production by, 144
variations in, 123
Blood, 35
circulation of, 33, 80
vessels, 32
Body, 22
defenses of, 146
organs of, 28
reserve force of, 50
surfaces of, 22
Brain, 31
Cerebro-spinal meningitis, 188
Chemotropism, 93
Cretinism, 37
Darwinism, 240
Death, 57
decomposition after, 51
rigor after, 60
signs of, 59
Disease, 1
action of poisons, 44
acute and chronic, 219
industrialism as factor in, 243
lesions of, 46
superstitions concerning, 10
urban life as factor in, 244
wealth and poverty as factors in, 246
Ductless glands, 37
Embryo, 77
Epilepsy, 209
Eugenics, 215
Foetus, 32
infection of, 200
Foot and Mouth Disease, 129
Glands, 22
Growth, 62
Heart, 33, 221
disease of, 223
Heliotropism, 93
Heredity, 197
influence of alcohol, 206
of insanity, 209
variations and imitations, 204
Hookworm disease, 179
Immunity, 148
theories of, 149
natural, 150
Infection, 135
from external surface, 136
from genito-urinary surface, 137
from lungs, 138
from mouth, 138
from stomach and intestines, 139
from wounds, 141
in children, 195
in wild animals, 191
latent, 166
mixed, 160
racial susceptibility to, 191
resistance to, 143
by air, 170
by insects, 171
Infectious diseases, 97
carriers of, 185
comparison with fermentation, 108
epidemics of, 98
endemic, epidemic and sporadic forms, 188
modes of transmission, 161
Inflammation, 80
acute and chronic, 95
Injury, 54-74
Insanity, 231
causes of, 232
question of increase, 235
Lesion, 17
Leucocytes, 36
migration of, 92
Living matter, 10
Malaria, 175
rĂ´le of mosquito in transmitting, 178
Malformations, 211
heredity of, 215
Maternal impressions, 212
Nervous system, 228
disease of, 230
effect of social life on, 233
Neurasthenia, 238
Old age, 51
atrophy in, 51
blood vessels in, 54
causes of death in, 56
in animals and plants, 55
mental activity in, 53
Osmosis, 91
Opsonius, 153
Ovum, 201
fertilization of, 198
infection of, 199
Phagocytosis, 86
Plague, 182
transmission by animals, 183
Plasmodium Malariae, 175
Preventive medicine, 242
Protozoa, 124
distribution in nature, 125
mode of growth, 125
sexual differentiation, 125
spore formation, 125
Polyomyelitis, 190
Repair, 46
conditions influencing, 47
Scar, 49
Skin, 21
Sleeping sickness, 173
Smallpox, 187
Spontaneous generation, 106
Sunburn, 83
Syphilis, 193
Tetanus, 142
Thymus, 52
Thyroid, 37
Tonsils, 52
Toxins, 144
Tropisms, 93
Trypanosomes, 172
Tuberculosis, 163
infection by sputum, 169
modes of extension, 163
Tumors, 64
benign and malignant, 69
cells of, 66
color, size and shape, 65
growth of, 65
importance of, 77
origin of, 66
question of increase, 69
theories of cause, 71
treatment of, 77
Typhoid fever, 170
Ultra-microscopic organisms, 128
Virus, 128
Yellow fever, 178
They do, however, take place, since within comparatively few years whole species have completely disappeared; for example, the great auk and the passenger pigeon. In these cases it is not known what part disease played in the destruction.
2.A tissue represents an aggregate of similar cells with the intercellular substances in relation with these as connective tissue, muscular tissue, etc. Where such cell aggregates are localized and where the cells are arranged in structures having definite form and size and performing a definite function, it is customary to designate such structures as organs, as the brain, liver, etc.
3.By cachexia is understood a condition of malnutrition and emaciation which is usually accompanied by a pale sallow color of the skin.
4.By trauma is understood a wound or injury of any sort.
5.The term exudation is used to designate the passing of cells and fluid from the vessels in inflammation; the material is the exudate.
6.By transudation is meant the constant interchange between the blood and the tissue fluid.
7.The interesting analogy between fermentation and infectious disease did not escape attention. A clear fluid containing in solution sugar and other constituents necessary for the life of the yeast cells will remain clear provided all living things within it have been destroyed and those in the air prevented from entering. If it be inoculated with a minute fragment of yeast culture containing a few yeast cells, for a time no change takes place; but gradually the fluid becomes cloudy, bubbles of gas appear in it and its taste changes. Finally it again becomes clear, a sediment forms at the bottom, and on re-inoculating it with yeast culture no fermentation takes place. The analogy is obvious, the fluid in the first instance corresponds with an individual susceptible to the disease, the inoculated yeast to the contagion from a case of transmissible disease, the fermentation to the illness with fever, etc., which constitutes the disease, the returning clearness of the fluid to the recovery, and like the fermenting fluid the individual is not susceptible to a new attack of the disease. It will be observed that during the process both the yeast and the material which produced the disease have enormously increased. Fermentation of immense quantities of fluid could be produced by the sediment of yeast cells at the bottom of the vessel and a single case of smallpox would be capable of infecting multitudes.
8.Flexner has recently succeeded in isolating and cultivating the organism of poliomyelitis, but the organism is so small that its classification is not possible.
9.The comparison here is with the atrium of a Pompeiian house.
10.This was the case of a woman, by occupation a cook, whose numerous exchanges of service were accompanied by the appearance of cases of typhoid fever in the families. This became so marked that an examination was made and she was found to be a typhoid carrier and as such constantly discharging typhoid bacilli. She is now isolated.
11.By structure as used in this wide sense, there must be understood not merely the anatomical structure, which is revealed by the dissecting knife and microscope, but molecular structure, or the manner in which elements are arranged to form the molecule, as well.
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