First Book in Physiology and Hygiene by J. H. Kellogg (best books to read all time .TXT) ๐
3. The bones are covered by the flesh.
4. The bones of the head form the skull, which is hollow and contains the brain.
5. A row of bones arranged in the back, one above another, forms the backbone. The backbone has a canal running through it lengthwise, in which lies the spinal cord.
6. The trunk is hollow, and has two chambers, one called the cavity of the chest, and the other the cavity of the abdomen.
7. The chest contains the two lungs and the heart.
8. The abdomen contains the stomach, liver, and many other very important organs.
9. Is it not our duty to take good care of our bodies as we would of some nice present from a friend?
CHAPTER IV.
OUR FOODS.
~1.~ We all know very well that if we do not eat we shall rapidly lose in weight, and become very weak and feeble. Did you ever think how much
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20. Another very serious thing to be thought of is that if a person forms the habit of drinking wine, cider, or other fermented drinks, he becomes so fond of the effect they produce that he soon wants some stronger drink, and thus he is led to use whiskey or other strong liquors. On this account it is not safe to use any kind of alcoholic drinks, either fermented or distilled. The only safe plan is to avoid the use of every sort of stimulating or intoxicating drinks.
21. It has been found by observation that those persons who use intoxicating drinks are not so healthy as those who do not use them, and, as a rule, they do not live so long.
22. This is found to be true not only of those who use whiskey and other strong liquors, but also of those who use fermented drinks, as wine and beer. Beer drinkers are much more likely to suffer from disease than those who are strictly temperate. It is often noticed by physicians that when a beer-drinker becomes sick or meets with an accident, he does not recover so readily as one who uses no kind of alcoholic drinks.
23. Alcoholic drinks not only make people unhealthy and shorten their lives, but they are also the cause of much poverty and crime and an untold amount of misery.
SUMMARY.1. Water is the only thing that will satisfy thirst.
2. In going through our bodies, water washes out many impurities. We also need water to soften our food.
3. The purest water is the best. Impure water causes sickness.
4. Good water has no color, taste, or odor.
5. Tea and coffee are not good drinks. They are very injurious to children, and often do older persons much harm.
6. Alcohol is made by fermentation.
7. Pure alcohol and strong liquors are made by distillation.
8. Alcohol is not a food, it is a poison. It kills plants and animals, and is very injurious to human beings.
9. Even the moderate use of alcoholic drinks produces disease and shortens life.
CHAPTER VII. HOW WE DIGEST.VENUS'S FLY-TRAP.
1. Did you ever see a Venus's fly-trap? This curious plant grows in North Carolina. It is called a fly-trap because it has on each of its leaves something like a steel-trap, by means of which it catches flies. You can see one of these traps in the picture. When a fly touches the leaf, the trap shuts up at once, and the poor fly is caught and cannot get away. The harder it tries to escape, the more tightly the trap closes upon it, until after a time it is crushed to death.
2. But we have yet to learn the most curious thing about this strange plant, which seems to act so much like an animal. If we open the leaf after a few days, it will be found that the fly has almost entirely disappeared. The fly has not escaped, but it has been dissolved by a fluid formed inside of the trap, and the plant has absorbed a portion of the fly. In fact, it has really eaten it. The process by which food is dissolved and changed so that it can be absorbed and may nourish the body, is called digestion (di-gesยด-tion).
THE DIGESTIVE TUBE.
3. The Venus's fly-trap has a very simple way of digesting its food. Its remarkable little trap serves it as a mouth to catch and hold its food, and as a stomach to digest it. The arrangement by which our food is digested is much less simple than this. Let us study the different parts by which this wonderful work is done.
4. The Digestive Tube.โThe most important part of the work of digesting our food is done in a long tube within the body, called the digestive tube or canal.
5. This tube is twenty-five or thirty feet long in a full-grown man; but it is so coiled up and folded away that it occupies but little space. It begins at the mouth, and ends at the lower part of the trunk. The greater part of it is coiled up in the abdomen.
6. The Mouth.โThe space between the upper and the lower jaw is called the mouth. The lips form the front part and the cheeks the sides. At the back part are three openings. One, the upper, leads into the nose. There are two lower openings. One of these leads into the stomach, and the other leads to the lungs. The back part of the mouth joins the two tubes which lead from the mouth to the lungs and the stomach, and is called the throat. The mouth contains the tongue and the teeth.
THE TEETH.
7. The Teeth.โThe first teeth, those which come when we are small children, are called temporary or milk teeth. We lose these teeth as the jaws get larger and the second or permanent teeth take their place. There are twenty teeth in the first set, and thirty-two in the second. Very old persons sometimes have a third set of teeth.
SALIVARY GLANDS.
8. The Salivary (salยด-i-vary) Glands.โThere are three pairs of salivary glands. They form a fluid called the saliva (sa-liยด-va). It is this fluid which moistens the mouth at all times. When we eat or taste something which we like, the salivary glands make so much saliva that we sometimes say the mouth waters. One pair of the salivary glands is at the back part of the lower jaw, in front of the ears. The other two pairs of glands are placed at the under side of the mouth. The saliva produced by the salivary glands is sent into the mouth through little tubes called ducts.
9. The Gullet.โAt the back part of the throat begins a narrow tube, which passes down to the stomach. This tube is about nine inches long. It is called the gullet, food-pipe, or ลsophagus (e-sophยด-a-gus).
10. The Stomach.โAt the lower end of the ลsophagus the digestive tube becomes enlarged, and has a shape somewhat like a pear. This is the stomach. In a full-grown person the stomach is sufficiently large to hold about three pints. At each end of the stomach is a narrow opening so arranged that it can be opened or tightly closed, as may be necessary. The upper opening allows the food to pass into the stomach, the lower one allows it to pass out into the intestines. This opening is called the pylorus (py-loยด-rus), or gate-keeper, because it closes so as to keep the food in the stomach until it is ready to pass out.
11. In the membrane which lines the stomach there are many little pocket-like glands, in which a fluid called the gastric juice is formed. This fluid is one of the most important of all the fluids formed in the digestive canal.
GASTRIC GLAND.
12. The Intestine(in-tesยด-tine).โAt the lower end of the stomach the digestive canal becomes narrow again. This narrow portion, called the intestine, is about twenty-five feet long in a grown person. The last few feet of the intestine is larger than the rest, and is called the colon. This long tube is coiled up and snugly packed away in the cavity of the abdomen. In the membrane lining the intestines are to be found little glands, which make a fluid called intestinal juice.
13. The Liver.โClose up under the ribs, on the right side of the body, is a large chocolate-colored organ, called the liver. The liver is about half as large as the head, and is shaped so as to fit snugly into its corner of the abdomen. The chief business of the liver is to make a fluid called bile, which is very necessary for the digestion of our food.
14. The bile is a bitter fluid of a golden-brown color. It is carried to the intestine by means of a little tube or duct, which enters the small intestine a few inches below the stomach. When the bile is made faster than it is needed for immediate use, it is stored up in a little pear-shaped sac called the gall-bladder, which hangs from the under side of the liver.
15. The liver is a very wonderful organ, and does many useful things besides making bile. It aids in various ways in digesting the food, and helps to keep the blood pure by removing from it harmful substances which are formed within the body.
16. The Pancreas(panยด-cre-as).โThe pancreas is another large and very important gland which is found close to the stomach, lying just behind it in the abdominal cavity. The pancreas forms a fluid called the pancreatic juice, which enters the small intestine at nearly the same place as the bile.
17. The Spleen.โClose to the pancreas, at the left side of the body, is a dark, roundish organ about the size of the fist, called the spleen. It is not known that the spleen has much to do in the work of digestion, but it is so closely connected with the digestive organs that we need to know about it.
18. Please note that there are five important organs of digestion. The mouth, the stomach, the intestines, the pancreas, and the liver.
19. Also observe that there are five digestive fluids, saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal juice.
SUMMARY.1. The process of dissolving and changing the food so that it may be absorbed and may nourish the body is digestion.
2. The work of digestion is chiefly done in the digestive tube or canal, which is about thirty feet in length.
3. The mouth contains the teeth, and has three pairs of salivary glands connected with it, which make saliva.
4. The gullet leads from the mouth to the stomach.
5. The stomach is pear-shaped, and holds about three pints.
6. It has an upper and a lower opening, each of which is guarded by a muscle, which keeps its contents from escaping.
7. The lower opening of the stomach is called the pylorus.
8. The stomach forms the gastric juice.
9. The intestines are about twenty-five feet long. They form the intestinal juice.
10. The liver lies under the ribs of the right side. It is about half as large as the head. It makes bile.
11. When not needed for immediate use, the bile is stored up in a sac called the gall-bladder.
12. The pancreas is a gland which lies just back of the stomach. It makes pancreatic juice.
13. The spleen is found near the pancreas.
14. There are five important digestive organsโthe mouth, the stomach, the intestines, the liver, and the pancreas.
15. There are five digestive fluidsโsaliva, gastric juice, intestinal juice, bile, and pancreatic juice.
CHAPTER VIII. DIGESTION OF A MOUTHFUL OF BREAD.1. Let us suppose that we have eaten a mouthful of bread, and can watch it as it goes through all the different processes of digestion.
2. Mastication.โFirst, we chew or masticate the food with the teeth. We use the tongue to move the food from one side of the mouth to the other, and to keep the food between the teeth.
3. Mouth Digestion.โWhile the bread is being chewed, the saliva is mixed with it and acts upon it. The saliva moistens and softens the food so that it can be easily swallowed and readily acted upon by the other digestive juices. You have noticed that if you chew a bit of hard bread a few minutes it becomes sweet. This is because the saliva changes some of the starch of the food into sugar.
4. After we have chewed the food, we swallow it, and it passes down through the ลsophagus into the stomach.
5. Stomach Digestion.โAs soon as the morsel of food enters the stomach, the gastric juice begins to flow out of the little
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