A History of Science, vol 4 by Henry Smith Williams (the two towers ebook .TXT) 📕

Assyriologists official status, and the reliability of their

method has never since been in question. Henceforth Assyriology

was an established science.

CHAPTER I. MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES

[1] Robert Boyle, Philosophical Works (3 vols.). London, 1738.

CHAPTER II. THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERN CHEMISTRY

[1] For a complete account of the controversy called the “Water

Controversy,” see The Life of the Hon. Henry Cavendish, by George

Wilson, M.D., F.R.S.E. London, 1850.

[2] Henry Cavendish, in Phil. Trans. for 1784, P. 119.

[3] Lives of the Philosophers of the Time of George III., by

Henry, Lord Brougham, F.R.S., p. 106. London, 1855.

[4] Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, by

Joseph Priestley (3 vols.). Birmingham, 790, vol. II, pp.

103-107.

[5] Lectures on Experimental Philosophy, by Joseph Priestley,

lecture IV., pp. 18, ig. J. Johnson, London, 1794.

[6] Translated from Scheele’s Om Brunsten, eller Magnesia, och

dess Egenakaper. Stockholm, 1774, and published as Alembic Club

Reprints, No. 13, 1897, p. 6.

[7] According to some writers this was discovered by Berzelius.

[8] Histoire de la Chimie, par Ferdinand Hoefer. Paris, 1869,

Vol. CL, p. 289.

[9] Elements of Chemistry, by Anton Laurent Lavoisier, translated

by Robert Kerr, p. 8. London and Edinburgh, 1790.

[10] Ibid., pp. 414-416.

CHAPTER III. CHEMISTRY SINCE THE TIME OF DALTON

[1] Sir Humphry Davy, in Phil. Trans., Vol. VIII.

CHAPTER IV. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

[1] Baas, History of Medicine, p. 692.

[2] Based on Thomas H. Huxley’s Presidential Address to the

British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1870.

[3] Essays on Digestion, by James Carson. London, 1834, p. 6.

[4] Ibid., p. 7.

[5] John Hunter, On the Digestion of the Stomach after Death,

first edition, pp. 183-188.

[6] Erasmus Darwin, The Botanic Garden, pp. 448-453. London,

1799.

CHAPTER V. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

[1] Baron de Cuvier’s Theory of the Earth. New York, 1818, p.

123.

[2] On the Organs and Mode of Fecundation of Orchidex and

Asclepiadea, by Robert Brown, Esq., in Miscellaneous Botanical

Works. London, 1866, Vol. I., pp. 511-514.

[3] Justin Liebig, Animal Chemistry. London, 1843, p. 17f.

CHAPTER VI. THEORIES OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION

[1] “Essay on the Metamorphoses of Plants,” by Goethe, translated

for the present work from Grundriss einer Geschichte der

Naturwissenschaften, by Friederich Dannemann (2 vols.). Leipzig,

1896, Vol. I., p. 194.

[2] The Temple of Nature, or The Origin of Society, by Erasmus

Darwin, edition published in 1807, p. 35.

[3] Baron de Cuvier, Theory of the Earth. New York, 1818, p.74.

(This was the introduction to Cuvier’s great work.)

[4] Robert Chambers, Explanations: a sequel to Vestiges of

Creation. London, Churchill, 1845, pp. 148-153.

CHAPTER VII. EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY MEDICINE

[1] Condensed from Dr. Boerhaave’s Academical Lectures on the

Theory of Physic. London, 1751, pp. 77, 78. Boerhaave’s lectures

were published as Aphorismi de cognoscendis et curandis Morbis,

Leyden, 1709. On this book Van Swieten wrote commentaries filling

five volumes. Another very celebrated work of Boerhaave is his

Institutiones et Experimenta Chemic, Paris, 1724, the germs of

this being given as a lecture on his appointment to the chair of

chemistry in the University of Leyden in 1718.

[2] An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variola

Vaccine, etc., by Edward Jenner, M.D., F.R.S., etc. London, 1799,

pp. 2-7. He wrote several other papers, most of which were

communications to the Royal Society. His last publication was, On

the Influence of Artificial Eruptions in Certain Diseases

(London, 1822), a subject to which he had given much time and

study.

CHAPTER VIII. NINETEENTH-CENTURY MEDICINE

[1] In the introduction to Corvisart’s translation of

Avenbrugger’s work. Paris, 1808.

[2] Laennec, Traite d’Auscultation Mediate. Paris, 1819. This was

Laennec’s chief work, and was soon translated into several

different languages. Before publishing this he had written also,

Propositions sur la doctrine midicale d’Hippocrate, Paris, 1804,

and Memoires sur les vers visiculaires, in the same year.

[3] Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, chiefly concerning

Nitrous Oxide or Dephlogisticated Nitrous Air and its

Respiration, by Humphry Davy. London, 1800, pp. 479-556.

[4] Ibid.

[5] For accounts of the discovery of anaesthesia, see Report of

the Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts General Hospital,

Boston, 1888. Also, The Ether Controversy: Vindication of the

Hospital Reports of 1848, by N. L Bowditch, Boston, 1848. An

excellent account is given in Littell’s Living Age, for March,

1848, written by R. H. Dana, Jr. There are also two Congressional

Reports on the question of the discovery of etherization, one for

1848, the other for 11852.

[6] Simpson made public this discovery of the anaesthetic

properties of chloroform in a paper read before the

Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh, in March, 1847, about

three months after he had first seen a surgical operation

performed upon a patient to whom ether had been administered.

[7] Louis Pasteur, Studies on Fermentation. London, 1870.

[8] Louis Pasteur, in Comptes Rendus des Sciences de L’Academie

des Sciences, vol. XCII., 1881, pp. 429-435.

CHAPTER IX. THE NEW SCIENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

[1] Bell’s communications were made to the Royal Society, but his

studies and his discoveries in the field of anatomy of the

nervous system were collected and published, in 1824, as An

Exposition of the Natural System of Nerves of the Human Body:

being a Republication of the Papers delivered to the Royal

Society on the Subject of the Nerves.

[2] Marshall Hall, M.D., F.R.S.L., On the Reflex Functions of the

Medulla Oblongata and the Medulla Spinalis, in Phil. Trans. of

Royal Soc., vol. XXXIII., 1833.

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