A History of Science, vol 1 by Henry Smith Williams (red white and royal blue hardcover .TXT) đź“•
Now it is patent enough, at first glance, that the veriest savagemust have been an observer of the phenomena of nature. But it maynot be so obvious that he must also have been a classifier of hisobservations--an organizer of knowledge. Yet the more we considerthe case, the more clear it will become that the two methods aretoo closely linked together to be dissevered. To observe outsidephenomena is not more inherent in the nature of the mind than todraw inferences from these phenomena. A deer passing through theforest scents the ground and detects a certain odor. A sequenceof ideas is generated in the mind of the deer. Nothing in thedeer's experience can produce that odor but a wolf; therefore thescientific inference is drawn that wolves have passed that way.But it is a part of the deer's scientific knowledge, based onprevious experience, individual and racial; that wolves areda
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Tyler’s Primitive Culture and Anthropology; Lord Avebury’s Prehistoric Times, The Origin of Civilization, and The Primitive Condition of Man; W. Boyd Dawkin’s Cave-Hunting and Early Man in Britain; and Edward Clodd’s Childhood of the World and Story of Primitive Man are deservedly popular. Paul Topinard’s Elements d’Anthropologie Generale is one of the best-known and most comprehensive French works on the technical phases of anthropology; but Mortillet’s Le Prehistorique has a more popular interest, owing to its chapters on primitive industries, though this work also contains much that is rather technical. Among periodicals, the Revue de l’Ecole d’Anthropologie de Paris, published by the professors, treats of all phases of anthropology, and the American Anthropologist, edited by F. W.
Hodge for the American Anthropological Association, and intended as “a medium of communication between students of all branches of anthropology,” contains much that is of interest from the present standpoint. The last-named journal devotes a good deal of space to Indian languages.
CHAPTER II. EGYPTIAN SCIENCE
1 (p. 34). Sir J. Norman Lockyer, The Dawn of Astronomy; a study of the temple worship and mythology of the ancient Egyptians, London, 1894.
2 (p. 43). G. Maspero, Histoire Ancie-nne des Peuples de l’Orient Classique, Paris, 1895. Translated as (1) The Dawn of Civilization, (2) The Struggle of the Nations, (3) The Passing of the Empires, 3 vols., London and New York, 1894-1900. Professor Maspero is one of the most famous of living Orientalists. His most important special studies have to do with Egyptology, but his writings cover the entire field of Oriental antiquity. He is a notable stylist, and his works are at once readable and authoritative.
3 (p. 44). Adolf Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt, London, 1894, p.
352. (Translated from the original German work entitled Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben in Alterthum, Tilbigen, 1887.) An altogether admirable work, full of interest for the general reader, though based on the most erudite studies.
4 (p. 47). Erman, op. cit., pp. 356, 357.
5 (p. 48). Erman, op. cit., p. 357. The work on Egyptian medicine here referred to is Georg Ebers’ edition of an Egyptian document discovered by the explorer whose name it bears. It remains the most important source of our knowledge of Egyptian medicine. As mentioned in the text, this document dates from the eighteenth dynasty—that is to say, from about the fifteenth or sixteenth century, B.C., a relatively late period of Egyptian history.
6 (p. 49). Erman, op. cit., p. 357.
7 (p. 50). The History of Herodotus, pp. 85-90. There are numerous translations of the famous work of the “father of history,” one of the most recent and authoritative being that of G. C. Macaulay, M.A., in two volumes, Macmillan & Co., London and New York, 1890.
8 (p. 50). The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian, London, 1700. This most famous of ancient world histories is difficult to obtain in an English version. The most recently published translation known to the writer is that of G. Booth, London, 1814.
9 (p. 51). Erman, op. cit., p. 357.
10 (p. 52). The Papyrus Rhind is a sort of mathematical hand-book of the ancient Egyptians; it was made in the time of the Hyksos Kings (about 2000 B.C.), but is a copy of an older book. It is now preserved in the British Museum.
The most accessible recent sources of information as to the social conditions of the ancient Egyptians are the works of Maspero and Erman, above mentioned; and the various publications of W. M. Flinders Petrie, The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, London, 1883; Tanis I., London, 1885; Tanis H., Nebesheh, and Defe-nnel, London, 1887; Ten Years’ Diggings, London, 1892; Syria and Egypt from the Tel-el-Amar-na Letters, London, 1898, etc. The various works of Professor Petrie, recording his explorations from year to year, give the fullest available insight into Egyptian archaeology.
CHAPTER III. SCIENCE OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA 1 (p. 57). The Medes. Some difference of opinion exists among historians as to the exact ethnic relations of the conquerors; the precise date of the fall of Nineveh is also in doubt.
2 (p. 57). Darius. The familiar Hebrew narrative ascribes the first Persian conquest of Babylon to Darius, but inscriptions of Cyrus and of Nabonidus, the Babylonian king, make it certain that Cyrus was the real conqueror. These inscriptions are preserved on cylinders of baked clay, of the type made familiar by the excavation of the past fifty years, and they are invaluable historical documents.
3 (p. 58). Berosus. The fragments of Berosus have been translated by L. P. Cory, and included in his Ancient Fragments of Phenician, Chaldean, Egyptian, and Other Writers, London, 1826, second edition, 1832.
4 (p. 58). Chaldean learning. Recent writers reserve the name Chaldean for the later period of Babylonian history— the time when the Greeks came in contact with the Mesopotamians—in contradistinction to the earlier periods which are revealed to us by the archaeological records.
5 (p. 59) King Sargon of Agade. The date given for this early king must not be accepted as absolute; but it is probably approximately correct.
6 (p. 59). Nippur. See the account of the early expeditions as recorded by the director, Dr. John P. Peters, Nippur, or explorations and adventures, etc., New York and London, 1897.
7 (p. 62). Fritz Hommel, Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens, Berlin, 1885.
8 (p. 63). R. Campbell Thompson, Reports of the Magicians and Astrologers of Nineveh and Babylon, London, 1900, p. xix.
9 (p. 64). George Smith, The Assyrian Canon, p. 21.
10 (p. 64). Thompson, op. cit., p. xix.
11 (p. 65). Thompson, op. cit., p. 2.
12 (p. 67). Thompson, op. cit., p. xvi.
13 (p. 68). Sextus Empiricus, author of Adversus Mathematicos, lived about 200 A.D.
14 (p. 68). R. Campbell Thompson, op. cit., p. xxiv.
15 (p. 72). Records of the Past (editor, Samuel Birch), Vol.
III., p. 139.
16 (p. 72). Ibid., Vol. V., p. 16.
17 (p. 72). Quoted in Records of the Past, Vol. III., p. 143, from the Translations of the Society of Biblical Archeology, vol.
II., p. 58.
18 (p. 73). Records of the Past, vol. L, p. 131.
19 (p. 73). Ibid., vol. V., p. 171.
20 (p. 74). Ibid., vol. V., p. 169.
21 (p. 74). Joachim Menant, La Bibliotheque du Palais de Ninive, Paris, 188o.
22 (p. 76). Code of Khamurabi. This famous inscription is on a block of black diorite nearly eight feet in height. It was discovered at Susa by the French expedition under M. de Morgan, in December, 1902. We quote the translation given in The Historians’ History of the World, edited by Henry Smith Williams, London and New York, 1904, Vol. I, p. 510.
23 (p. 77). The Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus, p. 519.
24 (p. 82). George S. Goodspeed, Ph.D., History of the Babylonians and Assyrians, New York, 1902.
25 (p. 82). George Rawlinson, Great Oriental Monarchies, (second edition, London, 1871), Vol. III., pp. 75 ff.
Of the books mentioned above, that of Hommel is particularly full in reference to culture development; Goodspeed’s small volume gives an excellent condensed account; the original documents as translated in the various volumes of Records of the Past are full of interest; and Menant’s little book is altogether admirable.
The work of excavation is still going on in old Babylonia, and newly discovered texts add from time to time to our knowledge, but A. H. Layard’s Nineveh and its Remains (London, 1849) still has importance as a record of the most important early discoveries. The general histories of Antiquity of Duncker, Lenormant, Maspero, and Meyer give full treatment of Babylonian and Assyrian development. Special histories of Babylonia and Assyria, in addition to these named above, are Tiele’s Babylonisch-Assyrische Geschichte (Zwei Tiele, Gotha, 1886-1888); Winckler’s Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens (Berlin, 1885-1888), and Rogers’ History of Babylonia and Assyria, New York and London, 1900, the last of which, however, deals almost exclusively with political history. Certain phases of science, particularly with reference to chronology and cosmology, are treated by Edward Meyer (Geschichte des Alterthum, Vol. I., Stuttgart, 1884), and by P. Jensen (Die Kosmologie der Babylonier, Strassburg, 1890), but no comprehensive specific treatment of the subject in its entirety has yet been attempted.
CHAPTER IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALPHABET
1 (p. 87). Vicomte E. de Rouge, Memoire sur l’Origine Egyptienne de l’Alphabet Phinicien, Paris, 1874.
2 (p. 88). See the various publications of Mr. Arthur Evans.
3 (p. 80). Aztec and Maya writing. These pictographs are still in the main undecipherable, and opinions differ as to the exact stage of development which they represent.
4 (p. 90). E. A. Wallace Budge’s First Steps in Egyptian, London, 1895, is an excellent elementary work on the Egyptian writing.
Professor Erman’s Egyptian Grammar, London, 1894, is the work of perhaps the foremost living Egyptologist.
5 (P. 93). Extant examples of Babylonian and Assyrian writing give opportunity to compare earlier and later systems, so the fact of evolution from the pictorial to the phonetic system rests on something more than mere theory.
6 (p. 96). Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrischc Lesestucke mit grammatischen Tabellen und vollstdndigem Glossar einfiihrung in die assyrische und babylonische Keilschrift-litteratur bis hinauf zu Hammurabi, Leipzig, 1900.
7 (p. 97). It does not appear that the Babylonians thcmselves ever gave up the old system of writing, so long as they retained political autonomy.
8 (p. 101). See Isaac Taylor’s History of the Alphabet; an Account of the origin and Development of Letters, new edition, 2
vols., London, 1899.
For facsimiles of the various scripts, see Henry Smith Williams’
History of the Art Of Writing, 4 vols, New York and London, 1902-1903.
CHAPTER V. THE BEGINNINGS OF GREEK SCIENCE
1 (p. III). Anaximander, as recorded by Plutarch, vol. VIII-. See Arthur Fairbanks’First Philosophers of Greece: an Edition and Translation of the Remaining Fragments of the Pre-Socratic Philosophers, together with a Translation of the more Important Accounts of their Opinions Contained in the Early Epitomcs of their Works, London, 1898. This highly scholarly and extremely useful book contains the Greek text as well as translations.
CHAPTER VI. THE EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHERS IN ITALY
1 (p. 117). George Henry Lewes, A Biographical History of Philosophy from its Origin in Greece down to the Present Day, enlarged edition, New York, 1888, p. 17.
2 (p. 121). Diogenes Laertius, The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, C. D. Yonge’s translation, London, 1853, VIII., p.
153.
3 (p. 121). Alexander, Successions of Philosophers.
4 (p. 122). “All over its centre.” Presumably this is intended to refer to the entire equatorial region.
5 (p. 125). Laertius, op. cit., pp. 348-351.
6 (p. 128). Arthur Fairbanks, The First Philosophers of Greece London, 1898, pp. 67-717.
7 (p. 129). Ibid., p. 838.
8 (p. 130). Ibid., p. 109.
9 (p. 130). Heinrich Ritter, The History of Ancient Philosophy, translated from the German by A. J. W. Morrison, 4 vols., London, 1838, vol, I., p. 463.
10 (p. 131). Ibid., p. 465.
11 (p. 132). George Henry Lewes, op. cit., p. 81.
12 (p. 135). Fairbanks, op. cit., p. 201.
13 (p. 136). Ibid., P. 234.
14 (p. 137). Ibid., p. 189.
15 (p. 137). Ibid., P. 220.
16 (p. 138). Ibid., p. 189.
17 (p. 138). Ibid., p. 191.
CHAPTER VII. GREEK SCIENCE IN THE EARLY ATTIC PERIOD
1 (p. 150). Theodor Gomperz, Greek Thinkers: a History of Ancient Philosophy (translated from the German by Laurie Magnes), New York, 190 1, pp. 220, 221.
2 (p. 153). Aristotle’s Treatise on Respiration, ch.
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