The Evolution of Man, vol 2 by Ernst Haeckel (fun books to read for adults TXT) 📕

able workers and the employment of better methods. Many important biological questions that then appeared to be obscure enigmas seem to be entirely settled. Darwinism arose like the dawn of a new day of clear Monistic science after the dark night of mystic dogmatism, and we can say now, proudly and gladly, that there is daylight in our field of inquiry.

Philosophers and others, who are equally ignorant of the empirical sources of our evidence and the phylogenetic methods of utilising it, have even lately claimed that in the matter of constructing our genealogical tree nothing more has been done than the discovery of a “gallery of ancestors,” such as we find in the mansions of the nobility. This would be quite true if the genealogy given in the second part of this work were merely the juxtaposition of a series of animal forms, of which we gathered the genetic connection from their external physiognomic resemblances. As we have sufficiently proved already, it is for us a question of a totally different thing—of the morphological and historical proof of the phylogenetic connection of these ancestors on the basis of their identity in internal structure and embryonic development; and I think I have sufficiently shown in the first part of this work how far this is calculated to reveal to us their inner nature and its historical development. I see the essence of its significance precisely in the proof of historical connection. I am one of those scientists who believe in a real “natural history,” and who think as much of an historical knowledge of the past as of an exact investigation of the present. The incalculable value of the historical consciousness cannot be sufficiently emphasised at a time when historical research is ignored and neglected, and when an “exact” school, as dogmatic as it is narrow, would substitute for it physical experiments and mathematical formulae. Historical knowledge cannot be replaced by any other branch of science.

It is clear that the prejudices that stand in the way of a general recognition of this “natural anthropogeny” are still very great; otherwise the long struggle of philosophic systems would have ended in favour of Monism. But we may confidently expect that a more general acquaintance with the genetic facts will gradually destroy these prejudices, and lead to the triumph of the natural conception of “man’s place in nature.” When we hear it said, in face of this expectation, that this would lead to retrogression in the intellectual and moral development of mankind, I cannot refrain from saying that, in my opinion, it will be just the reverse; that it will promote to an enormous extent the advance of the human mind. All progress in our knowledge of truth means an advance in the higher cultivation of the human intelligence; and all progress in its application to practical life implies a corresponding improvement of morality. The worst enemies of the human race—ignorance and superstition—can only be vanquished by truth and reason. In any case, I hope and desire to have convinced the reader of these chapters that the true scientific comprehension of the human frame can only be attained in the way that we recognise to be the sole sound and effective one in organic science generally—namely, the way of Evolution.

 

INDEX.

Abiogenesis.

Accipenser.

Abortive ova.

Achromatin.

Achromin.

Acoela.

Acoustic nerve, the.

Acquired characters, inheritance of.

Acrania, the.

Acroganglion, the.

Adam’s apple, the.

Adapida.

Adaptation.

After-birth, the.

Agassiz, L.

Age of life.

Alimentary canal, evolution of the. structure of the.

Allantoic circulation, the.

Allantois, development of the.

Allmann.

Amblystoma.

Amitotic cleavage.

Ammoconida.

Ammolynthus.

Amnion, the. formation of the.

Amniotic fluid, the.

Amoeba, the.

Amphibia, the.

Amphichoerus.

Amphigastrula.

Amphioxus, the. circulation of the. coelomation of the. embryology of the. structure of the.

Amphirhina.

Anamnia, the.

Anatomy, comparative.

Animalculists.

Animal layer, the.

Annelids, the.

Annelid theory, the.

Anomodontia.

Ant, intelligence of the.

Anthropithecus.

Anthropogeny.

Anthropoid apes, the.

Anthropology.

Anthropozoic period.

Antimera.

Anura.

Anus, the.

Anus, formation of the.

Aorta, the. development of the.

Ape and man.

Ape-man, the.

Apes, the.

Aphanocapsa.

Aphanostomum.

Appendicaria.

Appendix vermiformis, the.

Aquatic life, early prevalence of.

Ararat, Mount.

Archenteron.

Archeolithic age.

Archicaryon.

Archicrania.

Archigastrula.

Archiprimas.

Arctopitheca.

Area, the germinative.

Aristotle.

Arm, structure of the.

Arrow-worm, the.

Arterial arches, the. cone, the.

Arteries, evolution of the.

Articulates, the. skeleton of the.

Articulation.

Aryo-Romanic languages, the.

Ascidia, the. embryology of the.

Ascula.

Asexual reproduction.

Atlas, the.

Atrium, the. (heart), the.

Auditory nerve, the.

Auricles of the heart.

Autolemures.

Axolotl, the.

Bacteria.

Baer, K.E. von.

Balanoglossus.

Balfour, F.

Batrachia.

Bdellostoma Stouti.

Bee, generation of the.

Beyschlag, W., on evolution.

Bilateral symmetry. origin of.

Bimana.

Biogenetic law, the.

Biogeny.

Bionomy.

Bird, evolution of the. ovum of the.

Bischoff, W.

Bladder, evolution of the.

Blastaea, the.

Blastocoel, the.

Blastocrene, the.

Blastocystis, the.

Blastoderm, the.

Blastodermic vesicle, the.

Blastoporus, the.

Blastosphere, the.

Blastula, the. the mammal.

Blood, importance of the. recent experiments in mixture of. structure of the.

Blood-cells, the.

Blood-vessels, the. development of the. of the vertebrate. origin of the.

Boniface VIII, Bull of.

Bonnet.

Borneo nosed-ape, the.

Boveri, Theodor.

Brachytarsi.

Brain and mind. evolution of the. in the fish. in the lower animals. structure of the.

Branchial arches, evolution of the. cavity, the. system, the.

Branchiotomes.

Breasts, the.

Bulbilla.

Calamichthys.

Calcolynthus.

Capillaries, the.

Caracoideum, the.

Carboniferous strata.

Carcharodon.

Cardiac cavity, the.

Cardiocoel, the.

Catallacta.

Caryobasis.

Caryokinesis.

Caryolymph.

Caryolyses.

Caryon.

Caryoplasm.

Catarrhinae, the.

Catastrophic theory, the.

Caudate cells.

Cell, life of the. nature of the. size of the.

Cell theory, the.

Cenogenesis.

Cenogenetic structures.

Cenozoic period, the.

Central body, the.

Central nervous system, the.

Centrolecithal ova.

Centrosoma, the.

Ceratodus, the.

Cerebellum, the.

Cerebral vesicles, evolution of the.

Cerebrum, the.

Cestracion Japonicus.

Chaetognatha.

Chick, importance of the, in embryology.

Child, mind of the.

Chimpanzee, the.

Chiromys.

Chiroptera.

Chirotherium.

Chondylarthra.

Chorda, the. evolution of the.

Chordaea, the.

Chordalemma, the.

Chordaria.

Chordula, the.

Choriata, the.

Chorion, the. development of the. frondosum. laeve.

Choroid coat, the.

Chorology.

Chromacea.

Chromatin.

Chroococcacea.

Chroococcus, the.

Church, opposition of, to science in Middle Ages.

Chyle.

Chyle-vessels.

Cicatricula, the.

Ciliated cells.

Cinghalese gynecomast.

Circulation in the lancelet.

Circulatory system, evolution of the. structure of the.

Classification. evolutionary value of.

Clitoris, the.

Cloaca, the.

Cnidaria.

Coccyx, the.

Cochineal insect, the.

Cochlea, the.

Coecilia.

Coecum [Caecum], the.

Coelenterata.

Coelenteria.

Coeloma, the.

Coelomaea, the.

Coelomaria.

Coelomation.

Coelom-theory, the.

Coelomula, the.

Colon, the.

Comparative anatomy.

Conception, nature of.

Conjunctiva, the.

Conocyema.

Convoluta.

Copelata, the.

Copulative organs, evolution of the.

Corium, the.

Cornea, the.

Corpora cavernosa, the.

Corpora quadrigemina.

Corpora striata.

Corpus callosum, the.

Corpus vitreum, the.

Corpuscles of the blood.

Craniology.

Craniota, the.

Cranium, the.

Creation.

Cretaceous strata.

Crossopterygii.

Crustacea, the.

Cryptocoela.

Cryptorchism.

Crystalline lens, the. development of the.

Cutaneous glands.

Cuttlefish, embryology of the.

Cuvier, G.

Cyanophycea.

Cyclostoma, the. ova of the.

Cyemaria.

Cynopitheca.

Cynthia.

Cytoblastus, the.

Cytodes.

Cytoplasm.

Cytosoma.

Cytula, the.

Dalton.

Darwin, C.

Darwin, E.

Darwinism.

Decidua, the.

Deciduata.

Deduction, nature of.

Degeneration theory, the.

Dentition of the ape and man.

Depula.

Descent of Man.

Design in organisms.

Deutoplasm.

Devonian strata.

Diaphragm, the. evolution of the.

Dicyema.

Dicyemida.

Didelphia.

Digonopora.

Dinosauria.

Dipneumones.

Dipneusta. ova of the.

Dipnoa.

Directive bodies.

Discoblastic ova.

Discoplacenta.

Dissatyrus.

Dissection, medieval decrees against.

Dohrn, Anton.

Dollinger.

Dorsal furrow, the. shield, the. zone, the.

Dromatherium.

Dualism.

Dubois, Eugen.

Ductus Botalli, the.

Ductus venosus Arantii.

Duodenum, the.

Duration of embryonic development. of man’s history.

Dysteleology. proofs of.

Ear, evolution of the. structure of the. uselessness of the external.

Ear-bones, the.

Earth, age of the.

Echidna hystrix.

Ectoblast.

Ectoderm, the.

Edentata.

Efficient causes.

Egg of the bird. or the chick, priority of the.

Elasmobranchs, the.

Embryo, human, development of the.

Embryology. evolutionary value of.

Embryonic development, duration of. disk, the. spot, the.

Encephalon, the.

Endoblast.

Endothelia.

Enterocoela.

Enteropneusta.

Entoderm, the.

Eocene strata.

Eopitheca.

Epiblast.

Epidermis, the.

Epididymis, the.

Epigastrula.

Epigenesis.

Epiglottis, the.

Epiphysis, the.

Episoma.

Episomites.

Epispadia.

Epithelia.

Epitheria.

Epovarium, the.

Equilibrium, sense of.

Esthonychida.

Eustachian tube, the.

Eutheria.

Eve.

Evolution theory, the. inductive nature of.

Eye, evolution of the. structure of the.

Eyelid, the third.

Eyelids, evolution of the.

Fabricius ab Aquapendente

Face, embryonic development of the.

Fat glands in the skin.

Feathers, evolution of.

Fertilisation. place of.

Fin, evolution of the.

Final causes.

Flagellate cells.

Floating bladder, the. evolution of the.

Foetal circulation.

Food-yelk, the.

Foot, evolution of the. of the ape and man.

Fore brain, the.

Fore kidneys, the.

Fossiliferous strata, list of.

Fossils. scarcity of.

Free will.

Friedenthal, experiments of.

Frog, the. ova of the.

Frontonia.

Function and structure.

Furcation of ova.

Gaertner’s duct.

Ganglia, commencement of.

Ganglionic cell, the.

Ganoids.

Gastraea, the. formation of the.

Gastraea theory, the.

Gastraeads.

Gastremaria.

Gastrocystis, the.

Gastrophysema.

Gastrotricha.

Gastrula, the.

Gastrulation.

Gegenbaur, Carl. on evolution. on the skull.

Gemmation.

General Morphology.

Genesis.

Genital pore, the.

Geological evolution, length of. periods.

Geology, methods of. rise of.

Germ-plasm, theory of.

Germinal disk. layers, the. scheme of the. spot, the. vesicle, the.

Germinative area, the.

Giant gorilla, the.

Gibbon, the.

Gill-clefts and arches. formation of the.

Gill-crate, the.

Gills, disappearance of the.

Gloeocapsa.

Gnathostoma.

Goethe as an evolutionist.

Goitre.

Gonads, the. formation of the.

Gonidia.

Gonochorism, beginning of.

Gonoducts.

Gonotomes.

Goodsir.

Gorilla, the.

Graafian follicles, the.

Gregarinae.

Gullet-ganglion, the.

Gut, evolution of the.

Gyrini.

Gynecomastism.

Hag-fish, the.

Hair, evolution of the. on the human embryo and infant.

Hair, restriction of, by sexual selection.

Haliphysema.

Halisauria.

Haller, Albrecht.

Halosphaera viridis.

Hand, evolution of the. of the ape and man.

Hapalidae.

Harderian gland, the.

Hare-lip.

Harrison, Granville.

Hartmann.

Harvey.

Hatschek.

Hatteria.

Head-cavity, the.

Head-plates, the.

Heart, development of the. of the ascidia. position of the.

Helmholtz.

Helminthes.

Hepatic gut, the.

Heredity, nature of.

Hermaphrodism.

Hertwig.

Hesperopitheca.

His, W.

Histogeny.

History of Creation.

Holoblastic ova.

Homoeosaurus.

Homology of the germinal layers.

Hoof, evolution of the.

Hunterian ligament, the.

Huxleian law, the.

Huxley, T.H.

Hydra, the.

Hydrostatic apparatus in the fish.

Hylobates.

Hylodes Martinicensis.

Hyoid bone, the.

Hypermastism.

Hyperthelism.

Hypoblast.

Hypobranchial groove, the.

Hypodermis, the.

Hypopsodina.

Hyposoma, the.

Hyposomites.

Hypospadia.

Ichthydina.

Ichthyophis glutinosa.

Ictopsida.

Ileum, the.

Immortality, Aristotle on.

Immortality of the soul.

Impregnation-rise, the.

Indecidua.

Indo-Germanic languages.

Induction and deduction.

Inheritance of acquired characters.

Insects, intelligence of.

Interamniotic cavity, the.

Intestines, the.

Invagination.

Iris, the.

Jacchus.

Java, ape-man of.

Jaws, evolution of the.

Jurassic strata.

Kant, dualism of.

Kelvin, Lord, on the origin of life.

Kidneys, the. formation of the.

Klaatsch.

Kolliker.

Kowalevsky.

Labia, the.

Labyrinth, the.

Lachrymal glands.

Lamarck, J. theories of.

Lamprey, the. ova of the.

Lancelet, the. description of the.

Languages, evolution of.

Lanugo of the embryo.

Larynx, the. evolution of the.

Latebra, the.

Lateral plates, the.

Laurentian strata.

Lecithoma, the.

Leg, evolution of the. structure of the.

Lemuravida.

Lemurogona.

Lemurs, the.

Lepidosiren.

Leucocytes.

Life, age of.

Limbs, evolution of the.

Limiting furrow, the.

Linin.

Liver, the.

Long-nosed ape, the.

Love, importance of in nature.

Lungs, the. evolution of the.

Lyell, Sir C.

Lymphatic vessels, the.

Lymph-cells, the.

Macrogonidion.

Macrospores.

Magosphaera planula.

Male womb, the.

Mallochorion, the.

Mallotheria.

Malpighian capsules.

Mammal, characters of the. gastrulation of the.

Mammals, unity of the.

Mammary glands, the.

Man and the ape, relation of. origin of.

Man’s Place in Nature.

Mantle, the.

Mantle-folds, the.

Marsupials, the. ova of the.

Materialism.

Mathematical method, the.

Mechanical causes. embryology.

Meckel’s cartilage.

Medulla capitis, the. oblongata, the. spinalis, the.

Medullary groove, the. tube, the. formation of the.

Mehnert, E., on the biogenetic law.

Meroblastic ova.

Merocytes.

Mesentery, the.

Mesocardium, the.

Mesoderm, the.

Mesogastria.

Mesonephridia, the.

Mesonephros, the.

Mesorchium, the.

Mesovarium, the.

Mesozoic period, the.

Metogaster, the.

Metagastrula, the.

Metamerism.

Metanephridia, the.

Metanephros, the.

Metaplasm.

Metastoma.

Metatheria.

Metazoa.

Metovum, the.

Microgonidian.

Microspores.

Middle ear, the.

Migration, effect of.

Milk, secretion of the.

Mind, evolution of. in the lower animals.

Miocene strata.

Mitosis.

Monera.

Monism.

Monodelphia.

Monogonopora.

Monopneumones.

Monotremes. ova of the.

Monoxenia Darwinii.

Morea, the.

Morphology.

Morula, the.

Motor-germinative layer, the.

Mouth, development of the. structure of the.

Mucous layer, the.

Mullerian duct, the.

Muscle-layer, the.

Muscles, evolution of the. of the ear, rudimentary.

Myotomes.

Myxinoides, the.

Nails, evolution of the.

Nasal pits.

Natural philosophy. selection.

Navel, the.

Necrolemurs.

Nectocystis, the.

Nemertina.

Nephroduct,