Influences of Geographic Environment by Ellen Churchill Semple (best romantic books to read .txt) π
The protection of a water frontier--Pile villages of ancienttimes--Modern pile dwellings--Their geographicdistribution--River-dwellers in old and popular lands--Man'sencroachment upon the sea by reclamation of land--The struggle with thewater--Mound villages in river flood-plains--Social and political gainby control of the water--A factor in early civilization of aridlands--The economy of the water--Fisheries--Factors in maritimeexpansion--Fisheries as nurseries of seamen--Anthropo-geographicimportance of navigation.
CHAPTER XI.
THE ANTHROPO-GEOGRAPHY OF RIVERS
Rivers as intermediaries between land and sea--Sea navigation mergesinto river navigation--Historical importance of seas and oceansinfluenced by their debouching streams--Lack of coast articulationssupplied by rivers--River highways as basis of commercialpreΓ«minence--Importance of rivers in large countries--Rivers as highwaysof expansion--Determinants of routes in arid or semi-aridlands--Increa
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Recent Discoveries in Crete, The Chautauquan, Vol. XLIII, p. 220. 1906. Angelo Mosso, The Palaces of Crete, p. 325. London, 1907.
894.Helmolt, History of the World, Vol. II, pp. 496-504 New York 1902-6.
895.David Murray, Story of Japan, p. 156. New York, 1894. W.E. Griffis, The Mikado's Empire, Vol. I, pp. 176-181. New York, 1903.
896.J.R. Green, History of the English People, Vol. I, pp. 30-33. New York.
897.Capt. F. Brinkley, Japan, Vol. I, p. 8. Boston and Tokyo, 1901.
898.Capt. A.T. Mahan, Influence of Sea Power upon History, p. 29. New York, 1902.
899.H.J. Mackinder, Britain and the British Seas, pp. 341, 343. London, 1904.
900.Ratzel, Die Erde und das Leben, Vol. I, p. 362. Leipzig, 1901.
901.W.E. Griffis, The Mikado's Empire, Vol. I, p. 258. New York, 1903.
902.W.F. Walker, The Azores, p. 2. London, 1886.
903.F.W. Wines, Punishment and Reformation, pp. 166-167, 184-188. New York, 1895.
904.Tacitus, Annals, Book I, chap. XIII.
905.Ibid., Book IV, chaps. III, XV. Book II, chap. XIX.
906.W. Deecke, Italy, pp. 270, 410, 413, 448, 450. London, 1904.
907.Longmans Gazetteer of the World, Article Easter Isle.
908.Darwin and Fitzroy, Voyage of the Beagle, Vol. II, p. 59. London, 1839.
909.Ibid., Vol. II, pp. 490-492.
910.A.B. Ellis, West African Islands, pp. 1-3. London, 1885.
911.Longmans Gazetteer of the World, Andaman and Nicobar.
912.Darwin and Fitzroy, Voyage of the Beagle, Vol. III, p. 245. London, 1839.
913.A.B. Ellis, West African Islands, pp. 72, 73, 241. London, 1885.
914.Charles H. Hawes, The Uttermost East, p. 345. New York, 1904.
915.The Dry Tortugas, Harper's Monthly, Vol. 37, p. 260. 1868.
916.A.R. Wallace, Island Life, pp. 332, 371, 410, 457, 460-461, 464. London, 1892.
917.Ibid., pp. 407, 408, 410, 462.
918.Census of the Philippine Islands of 1903, Vol. I, p. 456. Washington, 1905.
919.Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. III, pp. 446, 449, 451. London, 1896-1898.
920.W.E. Griffis, The Mikado's Empire, Vol. I, pp. 30-31. New York, 1903.
921.W.Z. Ripley, Races of Europe, p. 271. New York, 1899.
922.Hereford George, Historical Geography of the British Empire, pp. 106-107. London, 1904.
923.Nelson Annandale, The Faroes and Iceland, pp. 19, 20, 33, 37, 64-65, 148, 193-194, 198, 206, 208. Oxford, 1905.
924.Capt. James Cook, Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, 1776-1780, Vol. II, pp. 69-70, 75-78. New York, 1796.
925.Williams and Calvert, Fiji and the Fijians, pp. 5-7, 14, 15. New York, 1859. Basil Thomson, The Fijians, pp. 23-32. London, 1908.
926.Mahler, Siedelungsgebiete und Siedelungslage in Ozeanien. Melching Staatenbildung in Melanesien, Leipzig, Dissertations, 1897.
927.H.R. Mill, International Geography, p. 570. New York, 1902.
928.Aristotle, Politics, Book II, chap. 8.
929.Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. I, 297-299. London, 1896-1898.
930.Ibid., Vol. I, Map, p. 145, pp. 234, 251.
931.Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 204-214.
932.Justus Perthes, Taschen Atlas, p. 67. Gotha, 1910.
933.Ibid., p. 60.
934.Ibid., p. 37.
935.Ibid., p. 51.
936.Ibid., pp. 37, 67.
937.Lippincott's New Gazetteer of the World, Madeira and Azores.
938.R.L. Stevenson, The South Seas, p. 37. New York, 1903.
939.Ibid., p. 222.
940.J.S. Jenkins, United States Exploring Squadron under Capt. Wilkes, 1838-1842, pp. 401-403. New York, 1855.
941.Justus Perthes, Taschen Atlas, p. 70. Gotha, 1905.
942.Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. I, pp. 158, 179. London, 1896-1898.
943.J.S. Jenkins, United States Exploring Squadron under Capt. Wilkes, 1838-1842, p. 462. New York, 1855.
944.Ibid., p. 314.
945.Nelson Annandale, The Faroes and Iceland, pp. 93-129. Oxford, 1905.
946.ElisΓ©e Reclus, Europe, Vol. IV, p. 344. New York, 1886.
947.John Murray, Handbook to Greece and the Ionian Isles, p. 329. London, 1872.
948.Hereford George, Historical Geography of the British Empire, p. 119. London, 1904.
949.W. Deecke, Italy, pp. 449-450. London, 1904.
950.Ibid., pp. 447-448, 410-411.
951.Statistics from Justus Perthes, Taschen Atlas, p. 65. Gotha, 1910.
952.Longmans Gazetteer of the World, Amboina.
953.Census of the Philippine Islands of 1903. Vol. II, p. 30. Washington, 1905.
954.Justus Perthes, Taschen Atlas, pp. 75, 77. Gotha, 1910.
955.Hereford George, Historical Geography of the British Empire, pp. 238-240. London, 1904.
956.D.G. Hogarth, The Nearer East, pp. 243-244. London, 1902.
957.Dr. A. Philippson, The Greek Islands of the Aegean, Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. XIII, p. 489. 1897.
958.J.T. Brent, The Bahrein Islands in the Persian Gulf, Proceedings of the Roy. Geog. Society, Vol. XII, pp. 1-19, 1890; and Justus Perthes, Taschen Atlas, p. 55. Gotha, 1910.
959.Parkman, Pioneers of France in the New World, pp. 26-32. Boston, 1900.
960.Ibid., pp. 253-262.
961.Thucydides, I, 100, 101. Herodotus, VII, 108, 109.
962.Grote, History of Greece, Vol. III, pp. 195, 197. New York, 1857.
963.Ibid., Vol. IV, pp. 30-33.
964.Capt. James Cook, Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, 1776-1780, Vol. II, pp. 85-86, 88. New York. 1796.
965.George Forster, Voyage Round the World, Vol. I, p. 274, 280, 281, 285. London, 1777.
966.J.S. Jenkins, United States Exploring Squadron under Capt. Wilkes, 1838-1842, p. 402. New York, 1855.
967.George Forster, Voyage Round the World, Vol. I, pp. 571, 578, 587, 595. London, 1777.
968.R.H. Codrington, The Melanesians, pp. 303-304. Oxford, 1891.
969.William Mariner, Natives of the Tonga Islands, Vol. II, p. 30. Edinburgh, 1827.
970.Capt. James Cook, Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, 1776-1780, Vol. I, p. 302. New York, 1796.
971.Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. I, pp. 254-256. London, 1896-1898.
972.Williams and Calvert, Fiji and the Fijians, pp. 8, 46-49. New York, 1859. Basil Thomson, The Fijians, p. 339. London, 1908.
973.H.R. Mill, International Geography, pp. 562, 564, 572. New York, 1902.
974.Census of the Philippine Islands of 1903, Vol. IV, pp. 1-2. Washington, 1905.
975.Strabo, Book VIII, chap. VI, 16.
976.W. Deecke, Italy, pp. 380, 448-450. London, 1904.
977.Ibid., p. 452.
978.Dr. A. Philippson, The Greek Islands of the Aegean, Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. XIII, pp. 489-490. 1897. John Murray, Handbook to Greece and the Ionian Isles. London, 1872.
979.W.E. Griffis, The Mikado's Empire, Vol. I, pp. 17-20. New York, 1904.
980.Henry Dyer, Dai Nippon, pp. 238-244. New York, 1903. Arthur M. Knapp, Feudal and Modern Japan, Vol. I, pp. 78, 79, 116, 117. New York, 1900.
981.Alfred Stead, Japan by the Japanese, p. 413. London, 1904.
982.Sir Rutherford Alcock, Three Years in Japan, Vol. I, pp. 83, 84, 283-286. New York, 1868.
983.H.D. Traill, Social England, Vol. II, pp. 243-246, 547-554; Vol. III, pp. 114-121, 239-241, 253-255, 351-359. London, 1905.
984.Thucydides, Book I, 4. Aristotle, Politics, Book II, chap. 7, 2. Herodotus, Book VII, 170.
985.Thucydides, Book IV, chaps. 84, 88.
986.Census of the Philippine Islands in 1903, Vol. I, pp. 412-414. Washington, 1905.
987.Richard Semon, In the Australian Bush, p. 517. London, 1899.
988.Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. I, pp. 174-177. London, 1896-98.
989.Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 178-179.
990.Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 157-161, 165.
991.Henry Dyer, Dai Nippon, pp. 250-257, 266. New York, 1904.
992.ElisΓ©e Reclus, Europe, Vol. I, p. 337. New York, 1886. Hereford George, Historical Geography of the British Empire, pp. 118-119. London, 1904.
993.D.G. Hogarth, The Nearer East, p. 244. London, 1902.
994.Dr. A. Philippson, The Greek Islands of the Aegean, Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. XIII, p. 488. 1897.
995.Jensen, Die Nordfrieschen Inseln, p. 133. 1891.
996.Malthus, Essay on Population, Book I, chap. V, p. 67. London, 1826. This whole chapter on "Checks to Population in the Islands of the South Seas" is valuable.
997.Boyd Alexander, From the Niger to the Nile, Vol. II, pp. 108-110. London, 1907.
998.History of the Conquest of the Canaries, p. xxxix. Hakluyt Society, London, 1872.
999.Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. I, pp. 273, 299-300. London, 1896-98.
1000.Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 270, 274-275. Adolf Marcuse, Die Hawaiischen Inseln, p. 108. Berlin, 1894.
1001.R.L. Stevenson, The South Seas, pp. 138-139. New York, 1903.
1002.George Forster, Voyage Round the World, Vol. I, p. 564, 569, 572, 577, 584, 586, 596. London, 1777.
1003.Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, pp. 116, 441, 462-463, 450-452, 454, 457. London, 1891.
1004.Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. I, p. 270. London, 1896-1898.
1005.R.H. Codrington, The Melanesians, p. 229. Oxford, 1891.
1006.Basil Thomson, The Fijians, pp. 221-227. London, 1908. Williams and Calvert, Fiji and the Fijians, pp. 132, 142. New York, 1859.
1007.Ibid., p. 130. R.L. Stevenson, The South Seas, pp. 38, 40. New York, 1903.
1008.Ibid., p. 38.
1009.J.S. Jenkins, United States Exploring Squadron under Capt. Wilkes, 1838-1842, pp. 404-405. New York, 1855.
1010.Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. I, pp. 270, 299. London, 1896-98.
1011.Adolf Marcuse, Die Hawaiischen Inseln, p. 109. Berlin, 1894.
1012.G.W. Knox, Japanese Life in Town and Country, p. 188. New York, 1905.
1013.Capt. Cook's Journal, First Voyage Round the World in the Endeavor, 1768-1771, pp. 95, 96. Edited by W.J.L. Wharton. London, 1893.
1014.Malthus, Essay on Population, Book I, chap. V.
1015.R.L. Stevenson, The South Seas, p. 39. New York, 1903.
1016.Ibid., p. 52.
1017.Adolf Marcuse, Die Hawaiischen Inseln, p. 109. Berlin, 1894.
1018.Williams and Calvert, Fiji and the Fijians, pp. 144-146. New York, 1859.
1019.Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. I, p. 330. London, 1896-1898.
1020.William Mariner, Natives of the Tonga Islands, Vol. II, pp. 95, 134-135. Edinburgh, 1827. Capt. Cook's Journal, First Voyage Round the World in the Endeavor, 1768-1771, pp. 220-221. Edited by W.J.L. Wharton. London, 1893.
1021.Strabo, Book X, chap. V, 6.
1022.R.L. Stevenson, The South Seas, pp. 98-104. New York, 1903.
1023.Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. I, pp. 297-299. London, 1896-1898.
1024.William Mariner, Natives of the Tonga Islands, Vol. II, pp. 108-109. Edinburgh, 1827.
1025.Darwin and Fitzroy, Voyage of the Beagle, Vol. II, pp. 183, 189-190. London, 1839.
Anthropo-geography has to do primarily with the forms and relief of the land. The relief of the sea floor influences man only indirectly. It does this by affecting the forms of the coast, by contributing to the
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