The Nile tributaries of Abyssinia, and the sword hunters of the Hamran arabs by Sir Samuel White Baker (e book reader online .TXT) 📕

Bull Buffalo--Death of the Bull--The Arabs' Tit-bit--The Arab Plan for making Fire--The Mehedehet Antelope--Sauve qui peut!--Nearly caught--Fire clears the Country--Discretion the better Part of Valour--The Camp in Danger--Nearly burnt out--Crocodile harpooning--The ugly little Statue--Harpooning the Hippopotamus--The Harpoon fixed--The Hippo determines to fight--The Lances are blunted--Hor Mehetape--Geological Features--Unpleasant Report of the Spies.



CHAPTER XVI.

ABOU DO IS GREEDY.


Departure of the Aggageers--Game returning from the River--A Bull Rhinoceros--We stalk the Rhinoceros--The Death--The Aggageers poach upon my Manor--Their Prize dies--Taher Noor faces the Lion--We start fresh Game--A curious Shot--Bait for the Lions--Highly exciting--My Tokrooris don't like the Lion--The dying Lioness--Brought into Camp--Difficulty in tracking the Lions--The Lion visits our Camp--Vis a vis with a Lion--A Surprise--Tetel faces the wounded Lion--Wonderful Courage of the Horse--Lions' Claws worn as a Charm--We commence Soap-boiling-- Savon a la Bete feroce--We bury poor Barrake.


CHAPTER XVII.

WE REACH THE ROYAN.


Hor Mai Gubba--The Francolin Partridge--We watch for Game--Out with the Aggageers--The Banks of the Royan--We find a Bull Elephant--Helter- skelter--The Elephant at Bay--Roder with the withered Arm--The Sword wins the Day--The nimble Base dine cheaply--The great Whirlpool--The Royan Junction with the Settite--A Bull Rhinoceros--Bacheet has to run--Visit to Mek Nimmur--Our Arabs decline to proceed--Obliged to threaten the Camels--The Troop on a Foray--Narrow Escape--The Rifle bursts--We march from the Settite--Interesting Route--Mineral Wealth of Abyssinia--Present to Mek Nimmur--The Abyssinian Minstrel--Richard Coeur de Lion--I part with my dear Maria Theresa--The Ghost of the departed Fiddler--The "Lay of the Last Minstrel"--My Introduction to Mek Nimmur--The Reception--The poisonous Stream--Unfortunate Contretemps--Nimmur behaves like a Gentleman--Pharaoh's lean Kine.


CHAPTER XVIII.

A CAMEL FALLS, AND DIES.


Arabs consume the Raw Flesh--Arrival at the Bahr Salaam--Character of the Torrents--The Junction of the Angrab--Good Sport--Four lucky Hits--A Fall over a Cliff--We save the Camel--Narrow Escape--The Hyaena enters the Tent--Hippotragus Bakerii--The Base of the Abyssinian Alps-- Delightful Country--Follow a Herd of Elephants--Aggahr takes the Lead--Fall at the Feet of Elephants--Benighted on our Return to Camp--"All's well that ends well".



CHAPTER XIX.

SEND A PARTY TO RECONNOITRE.


Ahead of the Camels--The Maarif--View from the Peak--The Rhinoceros attacks the Horse--The Bullet saves him--Arrival of the Horses--The Rhinoceros Hunt--Ridden to bay--Arrival of Birds of Prey--Habits of Vultures--The Marabou Stork--Sight, not Scent, directs the Vulture--Abou Seen--"Last but not least"--Route to Nahoot Guddabi--Arrive at the Atbara--Last View of the Atbara--The Atbara Exploration completed.


CHAPTER XX.

ARRIVAL AT METEMMA, OR GALLABAT.


Poisonous Water--The Trade of Abyssinia--We encounter Missionaries--The theological Blacksmith--The Missionaries' Medicine-Chest--Jemma, Sheik of the Tokrooris--The Egyptians' attack upon Gallabat--Settlement of the Tokrooris--Industry of the Tokrooris--Weapons, Type, and Character--The Colonization by Tokrooris--Honey Wine of Abyssinia--All drunk last Night--Distance from an Act of Parliament--We leave Gallabat--A Row with the Tokrooris--I settle the Tokroori Champion--A real flat-nosed African Nigger--Death of Aggahr and Gazelle--Forced March to the Rahad--The River Rahad.


CHAPTER XXI.

FERTILITY OF THE COUNTRY ON THE BANKS OF THE RAHAD.


Journey along the Rahad--Rich Country--We cross over to the Dinder--Ferocity of Crocodiles in that River--Character of the Dinder--Activity of the African Elephant--Distinction of Species--Peculiarity of Form--African and Indian Elephants--Destruction of Forests--Elephant's Foot a Luxury--Preservation of Flesh and Fat for the March--Preparation of Bread for a Journey--The Bos Caffer--The most formidable Animals--Rifles for wild Countries--Sundry Hints--Bullets for large Game--Antelopes of Central Africa and Abyssinia.


CHAPTER XXII.

WE LEAVE THE DINDER.


Curious Hunting Party--Character of Abyssinian Rivers--Borassus AEthiopicus--Rufaar and the Arab Sheik--The Blue Nile--The very gentlemanly Faky--Regularly "sold"--Arrival at Khartoum--The British Lion--The Zoological Collection--The Ostriches invite themselves to Tea--I intercede for Mek Nimmur--King Theodore's Ultimatum--Climate of the Soudan--The Sageer or Water-wheel--Uncontrolled Action of the Nile--Suggestions for the Irrigation of Egypt--Why should not Science create a Delta?--A Series of Weirs upon the Nile--The Benefits to Egypt and to Civilization--Ancient Works of Irrigation in Ceylon--Industrious Population of Egypt--Capabilities for producing Cotton--The Great Sahara--The Race of Life--Prepare to discover the White Nile Source.



THE NILE TRIBUTARIES OF ABYSSINIA, AND THE SWORD HUNTERS OF THE HAMRAN ARABS.

CHAPTER I.

ABOVE THE CATARACT.

WITHOUT troubling the public with a description of that portion of the Nile to the north of the first cataract, or with a detailed account of the Egyptian ruins, that have been visited by a thousand tourists, I will commence by a few extracts from my journal, written at the close of the boat voyage from Cairo :--

"May 8, 1861.--No air. The thermometer 104 degrees Fahr.; a stifling heat. Becalmed, we have been lying the entire day below the ruins of Philae. These are the most imposing monuments of the Nile, owing to their peculiar situation upon a rocky island that commands the passage of the river above the cataract. The banks of the stream are here hemmed in by ranges of hills from 100 to 250 feet high; these are entirely destitute of soil, being composed of enormous masses of red granite, piled block upon block, the rude masonry of Nature that has walled in the river. The hollows between the hills are choked with a yellow sand, which, drifted by the wind, has, in many instances, completely filled the narrow valleys. Upon either side of the Nile are vestiges of ancient forts. The land appears as though it bore the curse of Heaven; misery, barrenness, and the heat of a furnace are its features. The glowing rocks, devoid of a trace of vegetation, reflect the sun with an intensity that must be felt to be understood. The miserable people who dwell in villages upon the river's banks snatch every sandbank from the retiring stream, and immediately plant their scanty garden with melons, gourds, lentils, &c. this being their only resource for cultivation. Not an inch of available soil is lost; but day by day, as the river decreases, fresh rows of vegetables are sown upon the newly-acquired land. At Assouan, the sandbanks are purely sand brought down by the cataracts, therefore soil must be added to enable the people to cultivate. They dig earth from the ruins of the ancient town; this they boat across the river and spread upon the sandbank, by which excessive labour they secure sufficient mould to support their crops.

In the vicinity of Philae the very barrenness of the scenery possesses a charm. The iron-like sterility of the granite rocks, naked except in spots where the wind has sheeted them with sand; the groves of palms springing unexpectedly into view in this desert wilderness, as a sudden bend of the river discovers a village; the ever blue and never clouded sky above, and, the only blessing of this blighted land, the Nile, silently flowing between its stern walls of rocks towards the distant land of Lower Egypt, form a total that produces a scene to be met with nowhere but upon the Nile. In this miserable spot the unfortunate inhabitants are taxed equally with those of the richer districts--about fivepence annually for each date palm.

"May 9.--A good breeze, but tremendous heat. Although the floor and the curtains of the cabin are continually wetted, and the Venetian blinds are closed, the thermometer, at 4 P.M., stood at 105 degrees in the shade; and upon deck, 137 degrees in the sun. This day we passed the ruins of several small temples. The country is generally rocky, with intervals of ten or twelve miles of desert plains.

"May 10.--Fine breeze, the boat sailing well. Passed several small temples. The henna grows in considerable quantities on the left bank of the river. The leaf resembles that of the myrtle; the blossom has a powerful fragrance; it grows like a feather, about eighteen inches long, forming a cluster of small yellow flowers. The day pleasantly cool; thermometer, 95 degrees.

"May 11.--At 5 A.M. we arrived at Korosko; lat. 22 degrees 50 minutes N.; the halting-place for all vessels from Lower Egypt with merchandise for the Soudan."

At this wretched spot the Nile is dreary beyond description, as a vast desert, unenlivened by cultivation, forms its borders, through which the melancholy river rolls towards Lower Egypt in the cloudless glare of a tropical sun. From whence came this extraordinary stream that could flow through these burning sandy deserts, unaided by tributary channels? That was the mysterious question as we stepped upon the shore now, to commence our land journey in search of the distant sources. We climbed the steep sandy bank, and sat down beneath a solitary sycamore.

We had been twenty-six days sailing from Cairo to this point. The boat returned, and left us on the east bank of the Nile, with the great Nubian desert before us.

Korosko is not rich in supplies. A few miserable Arab huts, with the usual fringe of dusty date palms, compose the village; the muddy river is the frontier on the west, the burning desert on the east. Thus hemmed in, Korosko is a narrow strip of a few yards' width on the margin of the Nile, with only one redeeming feature in its wretchedness--the green shade of the old sycamore beneath which we sat.

I had a firman from the Viceroy, a cook, and a dragoman. Thus my impedimenta were not numerous. The firman was an order to all Egyptian officials for assistance; the cook was dirty and incapable; and the interpreter was nearly ignorant of English, although a professed polyglot. With this small beginning, Africa was before me, and thus I commenced the search for the Nile sources. Absurd as this may appear, it was a correct commencement. Ignorant of Arabic, I could not have commanded a large party, who would have been at the mercy of the interpreter or dragoman; thus, the first qualification necessary to success was a knowledge of the language.

After a delay of some days, I obtained sixteen camels from the sheik. I had taken the precaution to provide water-barrels, in addition to the usual goat-skins; and, with a trustworthy guide, we quitted Korosko on the 16th May, 1861, and launched into the desert.

The route from Korosko across the Nubian desert cuts off the chord of an arc made by the great westerly bend of the Nile. This chord is about 230 miles in length. Throughout this barren desert there is no water, except at the half-way station, Moorahd (from moorra, bitter); this, although salt and bitter, is relished by camels. During the hot season in which we unfortunately travelled, the heat was intense, the thermometer ranging from 106 degrees to 114 degrees Fahr. in the shade. The parching blast of the simoom was of such exhausting power, that the water rapidly evaporated from the closed water-skins. It was, therefore, necessary to save the supply by a forced march of seven days, in which period we were to accomplish the distance, and to reach Abou Hammed, on the southern bend of the welcome Nile.

During the cool months, from November until February, the desert journey is not disagreeable; but the vast area of glowing sand exposed to the scorching sun of summer, in addition to the withering breath of the simoom, renders the forced march of 230 miles in seven days, at two and a half miles per hour, the most fatiguing journey that can be endured.

Farewell to the Nile! We turned our backs upon the life-giving river, and our caravan commenced the silent desert march.

A few hours from Korosko the misery of the scene surpassed description. Glowing like a furnace, the vast extent of yellow sand stretched to the horizon. Rows of broken hills, all of volcanic origin, broke the flat plain. Conical tumuli of volcanic slag here and there rose to the height of several hundred feet, and in the far distance resembled the Pyramids of Lower Egypt--doubtless they were the models for that ancient and everlasting architecture; hills of black basalt jutted out from the barren base of