Shakespeare's Lost Years in London by Arthur Acheson (audio ebook reader .txt) 📕

Ends Well_ in its early form), and during the estrangement between Southampton and Shakespeare in 1594, caused by the nobleman's relations with the "dark lady," that "most sweet wench," "my hostess of the tavern."

I have indicated a certain continuity and link of characterisation between Parolles, as we leave him in _All's Well that Ends Well_, and Falstaff, as we first encounter him in the _First Part of Henry IV._ I shall now demonstrate parallels between the characterisation of Falstaff in the _First Part of Henry IV._, and the tone and spirit of the conversations between the imaginary characters of Florio's _Second Fruites_. Fewer resemblances are to be found between the _Second Fruites_ and the _Second Part of Henry IV._ From this I infer that when Shakespeare composed the _First Part of Henry IV._ in its original form, his personal acquaintance with Florio was recent and limited, and that he developed his characterisation of Falstaff in that portion of the play largely from Florio's self-revelation in the _Second Fruites_, and that in continuing this characterisation later on, in the _Second Part_ of the play, he reinforced it from a closer personal observation of the idiosyncrasies of his prototype.

The Earl of Southampton, who was shadowed forth as Bertram in _Love's Labour's Won_, with Parolles as his factotum,--representing Florio in that capacity,--becomes the prince in _Henry IV._, while Florio becomes Falstaff. The _First Part_ of the play in its original form reflected their connection and the affair of the "dark lady" in 1593-94. The _First Part of Henry IV._, in its revised form, and the _Second Part of Henry IV._ reflect a resumed, or a continued, familiarity between Southampton and Florio in 1598. This leads me to infer that Florio may again have accompanied Southampton when he left England with Sir Robert Cecil for the French Court in February 1598, in much the same capacity as he had served him on his first visit to France in 1592, when they were first reflected as Bertram and Parolles.

In the original development of the characterisation of Parolles, Armado, and Falstaff, I am convinced that Shakespeare worked, not only from observation of his prototype in their daily intercourse, but that he also studied Florio's mental and moral angles and literary mannerisms in his extant productions. If Armado's letters to Jaquenetta and to the King be compared with Florio's dedication of his _Second Fruites_--which was published in 1591, several months preceding the original composition of _Love's Labour's Lost_--and also with his "Address to the Reader," a similitude will be found that certainly passes coincidence. A comparison of Parolles' and Falstaff's opportunist and materialistic philosophy with Florio's outlook on life as we find it unconsciously exhibited in his _Second Fruites_, reveals a characteristic unity that plainly displays intentional parody on Shakespeare's part.

Didactic literature seldom presents the real character and workaday opinions and beliefs of a writer. The teacher generally speaks from a height transcending his ordinary levels of thought and action. In Florio's _Second Fruites_ his intention is didactic only in relation to imparting a colloquial knowledge of Italian. In this endeavour he arranges a series of twelve conversations on matters of everyday life between imaginary characters, who are, presumably, of about the same social quality as his usual pupils--the younger gentry of the time. In these talks his intention was to be entirely natural and to reproduce, what he conceived to be, ordinary conversation between gentlemen of fashion. In doing this he reveals ethics, manners, and morals of a decidedly Falstaffian flavour. The gross and satyr-like estimate of women he displays; his primping enjoyment of apparel; the gusto with which he converses of things to eat and drink--of ale, and wine, and capons; his distrust of the minions of the law; his knowledge and horror of arrest and imprisonment, and his frankly animal zest of life, all suggest Shakespeare's knowledge of the book as well as the man.

As Florio's _Second Fruites_ is not easily accessible to the general reader, a few extracts may serve to exhibit the characteristic resemblances to Shakespeare's delineation of Falstaff.

The twelve chapters of the work are headed as follows:

The first chapter, "Of rising in the morning and of things belonging
to the chamber and to apparel."

The second, "For common speech in the morning between friends;
wherein is described a set of tennis."

The third, "Of familiar morning communication; wherein many
courtesies are handled, and the manner of visiting and saluting the
sick, and of riding, with all that belongeth to a horse."

The fourth chapter, "Wherein is set down a dinner for six persons,
between whom there fall many pleasant discourses concerning meat and
repast."

The fifth, "Wherein discourse is held of play and many things thereto
appertaining, a game of primero and of chess."

The sixth chapter, "Concerning many familiar and ceremonious
compliments among six gentlemen who talk of many pleasant matters,
but especially of divers necessary, profitable, civil, and proverbial
receipts for a traveller."

The seventh, "Between two gentlemen who talk of arms, and of the art
of fencing, and of buying and selling."

The eighth chapter, "Between James, and Lippa, his man, wherein they
talk of many pleasant and delightsome jests, and in it is described
an unpleasant lodging, an illformed old woman, also the beautiful
parts that a woman ought to have to be accounted fair in all
perfection, and pleasantly blazoned a counterfeit lazy and
naught-worth servant."

The ninth, "Between Caezar and Tiberio; wherein they discourse of news
of the Court, of courtiers of this day, and of many other matters of
delight."

The tenth chapter, "Between gentlemen and a servant; wherein they
talk of going to supper, and familiar speech late in the evening."

The eleventh, "Wherein they talk of going to bed, and many things
thereto belonging."

The twelfth, "Wherein proverbially and pleasantly discourse is held
of love and women."

He makes one of his characters end this last chapter as follows:

"As for me, I never will be able, nor am I able, to be willing but to
love whatsoever pleaseth women, to whom I dedicate, yield, and
consecrate what mortal thing soever I possess, and I say, that a
salad, a woman, and a capon as yet was never out of season."

The remarkable resemblance between the sentiments here expressed and the characteristics attributed to Falstaff by Prince Henry in the passage quoted above from _Henry IV._, Act I. Scene ii., suggest Shakespeare's knowledge of the _Second Fruites_.

He describes the wardrobe of a man of fashion with envious unction, giving a minute inventory of his shirts, handkerchiefs, ruffs, cuffs, towels, quoises, shoes, buskins, daggers, swords, gloves, doublets, jerkins, gowns, hats, caps, and boots. The very superabundance recalling, by contrast, the paucity in this regard in the cases of Armado and Falstaff.

The philosophy of his conversations is selfish and worldly-wise to a degree, with nowhere the slightest suggestion of ideality or altruism.

"T. From those that I do trust, good Lord deliver me, from such as I
mistrust, I'll harmless come to be.

G. He gives me so many good words I cannot fail but trust him.

T. Wot you not that fair words and foul deeds are wont to make both
fools and wise men fain.

G. I know it, but if he beat me with a sword, I will beat him again
with a scabbard.

T. What, will you give him bread for cake then?

G. If any man wrong thee, wrong him again, or else be sure to
remember it."

In the conversation concerning meats and repast he is Gargantuan in his descriptions.

"S. The meat is coming in, let us set down.

C. I would wash first if it were not to trouble Robert.

S. What, ho! Bring some water to wash our hands.

ROBERT. Here it is fresh and good to drinke for a neede.

H. God hath made water for other things than to drinke.

C. Hast thou not heard that water rots, not only men, but stakes?

R. Yet men say that water was made to drinke, to saile, and to wash.

M. It was good to drinke when men did eat acornes.

* * * * *

T. I pray you set down for I have a good stomach.

N. As for a good stomach, I do yield a jot unto you.

S. My masters, the meat cooles.

* * * * *

S. My masters, sit down; every man take his place.

N. Tush, I pray you, sit down.

C. With obliging you I shall show myself unmannerly.

H. Of courtesie, Master M., sit here between us two.

M. Virtue consists in the midst quothe the devil when he found
himself between two nuns.

S. Bring hither that salad, those steaks, that leg of mutton, that
piece of beef with all the boiled meats we have.

S. I pray you, every man serve himself, let everyone cut where he
please, and seek the best morsels.

N. Truly these meats are very well seasoned.

* * * * *

S. Call for drinke when you please, and what kind of wine you like
best.

N. Give me some wine but put some water in it.

S. You may well enough drinke it pure, for our wines are all borne
under the sign of Aquarius.

M. Do you not know that wine watered is esteemed a vile thing?

C. Give me a cup of beere, or else a bowl of ale.

S. I