Community Empowerment by Dr. SBM Prasanna, Dr. K Puttaraju, Dr.MS Mahadevaswamy (books under 200 pages TXT) 📕

Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Jammu and Kashmir, Goa or in a Union Territory, the area shall be two hundred hectares or more;

Zones exclusively set up for electronics hardware and software including information technology enabled services, the area shall be ten hectares or more with a minimum built up space of one lakh square metres;

In case of a Special Economic Zone proposed to be set up exclusively for bio-technology and non-conventional energy sectors, including solar energy equipments/cells the minimum area to be forty thousand square meters; and

Fifty thousand square metersin case of a Special Economic Zone proposed to be set up exclusively for the gems and jewellery sector.

PERFORMANCE OF SEZs IN INDIA

SEZs in Operation

During 2007-08, there were fifty seven zones in operation of which seven have been developed by the central government. These zones are listed in table-1. These zones are small in size; their area ranges between 93 to 625 acres. Government of India has invested about INR 500 crore on the infrastructure development of the seven SEZs.

The twelve zone in operation set up before 2006 have been developed by State/private sector initiative. The investments of the private developers for development of SEZs as on September 30, 2008 have been of the order of INR 5,626.24 crore these SEZs are”

Surat special Economic Zone (Gujarat) developed by the Diamond and Gem Development Corporation over an area of 123 acres (499000 sq. m) with an initial investment of INR 32.46 crore in the year 1997. It commenced production from 2000-2001.

Table – 1 : India: SEZs Developed by Central Government

Zones

Location

Area (acres)

Status

Operational w.e.f.

KASEZ

Kandla, Gujarat

625

Multi-product

1966-67

SEEPZ – SEZ

Santa Cruz, Mumbai

93

Computers and Jewellery

1972-73

MSEZ

Chennai, Tamil Nadu

262

Multi-product

1985-86

FSEZ

Falta, Kolkata

280

Multi-product

1985-86

NSEZ

Noida, U.P.

310

Multi-product

1986-87

CSEZ

Cochin, Kerala

103

Multi-product

1986-87

VSEZ

Vishakahapatnam, AP.

360

Multi-product

1994-95

Source: Department of Commerce, GOI

Manikanchan Special Economic Zone developed by West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation Ltd at Salt Lake, Kolkata (West Bengal) over an area of 5 acres exclusively for gem and jewellery exports. The zone has become operational during 2004-2005. Its export turnover during the first year has been INR 95.94 crore.

Indore Special Economic Zone(Madhya Pradesh) developed by Madhya Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation Ltd in 132 hectares which is operational from 2004-2005. Its export turnover during the first year has been INR 95.94 crore.

Jaipur Special Special Economic Zone was set up by Rajasthan State Industrial Development Corporation Ltd in (Rajasthan) in 110 acres exclusively for gem and jewellery which operational form 2004-2005. Its export turnover was INR 5.27 crore in its first year of export.

Jodhpur Special Economic Zone was set up by Rajasthan State Industrial Development Corporation Ltd (Rajasthan) in 180-94 acres for manufacture and export of handicraft commenced exports in 2005-06.

WIPRO Special Economic Zone set up a zone at Salt Lake, Kolkata (West Bengal) for software export and ITES has started export in 2005-06. Its export reached INR 95.5 crore in 16 acres and the investment in infrastructure amounted to INR 125 crore.

Mahindra Industrial Park Special Economic Zone (Tamil Nadu) set up export of IT, hardware commenced export during 2005-06. The size of the SEZ is 665.68 acres with an investment in infrastructure amounted to INR 100 crore.

Mahindra Industrial Park Special Economic Zone in Chennai (Tamil Nadu) set up export of apparel and fashion accessories also started export during 2005-06.

Mahindra Industrial Park Special Economic Zone set up export for automobile ancillary.

Surat Apparel Park Special Economic Zone (Gujarat) commenced export in 2006-07. It is an SEZ exclusively for apparels and had export turnover of INR 1.6 crore in the first year itself.

PERFORMANCE OF FIRST SEZs

KAFTZ (set up in 1965), is the first EPZ in India. It commenced export during 1966-67 with a humble beginning of less than INR 0.1 crore. By 2007-08, 57 zones in the country have been in operation, seven developed by the Central Government and twelve developed by private and state government initiative and third eight notified as per SEZ Act, 2005. The export from these zones during 2007-08 was INR 66,638 crore with an impressive growth of 92% over the previous year export of INR 34,615 crore. And the export during 2008-09 is of the order of INR 125,950 crore. The year wise export performance of the zones developed by Central Government since inception till March 31, 2008.

It is evident that the growth of export from SEZs was moderate in the initial phases, but has been substantial during the past two decades. The data of India’s total export ad export from SEZs since 1986-87is presented at table-2.

Table – 2 : SEZs Share in India’s Export, 1986-87 to 2007-08 (INR-crore)

Year

Exports

India’s Total

SEZ’s

1986-87

12,452

361

1987-88

15,674

333

1988-89

20,232

514

1989-90

27,658

737

1990-91

32,553

988

1991-92

44,041

1,192

1992-93

53,688

1,379

1993-94

69,751

1,959

1994-95

82,674

2,737

1995-96

1,06,353

3,235

1996-97

1,18,817

3,149

1997-98

1,30,100

3,354

1998-99

1,39,752

5,248

1999-00

1,59,561

6,164

2000-01

2,03,571

8,584

2001-02

2,09,018

16,067

2002-03

2,55,137

10,066

2003-04

2,93,367

13,162

2004-05

3,75,340

18,309

2005-06

4,56,418

22,839

2006-07

5,71,779

34,786

2007-08*

6,24,185

67,088

*Provisional | Sources: DGCIS, GOI

Table-3 : State-wise Exports from SEZs, (2008-09 to 2010-11)

Name of the States

Export Value (Rs. crore)

Total Exports form SEZs

% total

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

(2008-09 to

2010-11)

 

1

2

3

4

5

6

8

1.

Gujarat

23932.50

101747.21

146877.73

272557.44

42.84

2.

Karnataka

2549.58

21337.13

46717.99

70604.70

11.10

3.

Tamilnadu

23022.32

27914.13

43704.60

94641.05

14.87

4.

Maharashtra

12811.68

15414.01

19480.05

47705.74

7.50

5.

Kerala

11942.01

17122.86

18750.65

47815.52

7.51

6.

Andhra Pradesh

3121.80

5663.66

13359.17

22144.63

3.48

7.

Uttar Pradesh

4581.37

5931.69

10883.57

21396.63

3.36

8.

West Bengal

16655.00

22966.47

10703.17

50324.64

7.91

9.

Haryana

277.92

1018.78

2807.01

4103.71

0.64

10.

Madhya Pradesh

430.49

494.41

1242.65

2167.55

0.34

11.

Rajasthan

331.74

735.41

899.39

1966.54

0.32

12.

Chandigarh

26.57

289.97

318.00

634.54

0.10

13.

Orissa

6.02

75.65

123.87

205.54

0.03

All India Total

99689.00

220711.38

315867.85

636268.23

100.00

Source: Govt. of India, Ministry of Commerce.

 

Similarly table -3 reveals the state wise exports from SEZs (2008-09 to 2010-11). Unity 13 states stated above Gujarat top the first position of 42.84 percent of exports from SEZ, followed by this Tamil Nadu and Karnataka fare well is SEZs export performance. Along with other states Kerala, Maharashtra and West Bengal also shows a moderate performance.

Table – 4 : State-wise Employment Generation from SEZs (As on 30 Sept. 2011)

Name of the State

No. of Workers Employed

% to Total

1.

Maharashtra

194013

26.66

2.

Tamilnadu

191257

26.28

3.

Andhra Pradesh

105386

14.48

4.

Uttar Pradesh

50535

6.94

5.

Gujarat

46879

6.44

6.

Karnataka

30070

4.13

7.

West Bengal

30118

4.14

8.

Haryana

27854

3.83

9.

Kerala

20913

2.87

10.

Madhya Pradesh

12313

1.69

11.

Rajasthan

10314

1.42

12.

Chandigarh

5765

0.79

13.

Orissa

2143

0.29

14.

Punjab

251

0.03

15.

Goa

28

0.01

All India Total

727839

100.00

Source: Govt. of India, Ministry of Commerce.

 

Not only the special economic zones perform a pivotal role by producing and expert abundant quantity of goods but also ensure better employment opportunity to the needy people. Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu performs a better picture is generally jobs in the special economic zones (26.66 and 26.28 percent).

Andhra Pradesh also did a proper job is ensuring better employment opportunity is the zones though Gujarat stood first in the export position but placed fifth in the employment generation from the zones.

CONCLUSION:

Although the establishment of Special Economic Zones given a prominence in the post globalization period but these zones are at the grass root level. The government must ensure the establishment of more zones so that it creates more employment opportunities. Further, it happen is many cases both the government and entrepreneurs acquire the land and misuse for making real estate business. This should be firmly avoid and creates opportunity to the indigenous is industrialists to develop the industrialization.

REFERENCES:

K.S. Ramola (2011): SEZs: New Generation Growth Engine of Indian Economy, Southern Economist, Bangalore.

Gundegowda (2013): SEZ and its Impact on Indian Agriculture:- A case study, Southern Economics, Bangalore.

Geeta Das (2009): Special Economic Zones, Century Publications, New Delhi.

Moore, Thomas G (2000); The China and Globalization, Black well Publishing, Oxford.

Kundra, Ashok (2000); The Performance of India’s Export Zones – A Comparison with Chinese Approach, Sage Publications.

Kumar, Rajiv (1986): India’s Export Processing Zones: An Evaluation, Oxford University Press, India.

Rajendra Prasad (2013): Performance of Special Economic Zone in India, in Soundara Pandiyan’s (Eds.) SEZS in India.

 

 

Community Empowerment and Domestic Workers: In pursuit of Social Security in the Unorganized Sector in India

 

Dr.Seema Surendran

Professor and Principal BMS College of Law, Bangalore

 

Abstract

The concept of Informal sector began to receive worldwide attention in early 1970s when the International Labour organization (ILO) initiated serious efforts to identify and study the area through its World Employment Programme Missions in Africa. The Unorganized sector also termed as the Informal sector is the group of workers who cannot be defined by definition but could be described as those who have not been able to organize because of constraints arising out of various factors. We can identify the work force in agriculture, contract labour, causal labour; labour employed in small scale industry, handloom and power loom workers, bidi and cigar workers, employees in shops etc as unorganized workforce. Domestic servants and other workers who do not fall under any of the above category but earn their livelihood by manual work also form part of this unorganized workforce. Domestic Workers in India have always been categorized under the umbrella of unorganized labour and have been excluded from the welfare law. To add to the woes traditionally domestic work was not recognized as labour because the task they are hired to do were part of a women’s unpaid work at home. Domestic work is not often perceived as real work deserving labour rights, the workers face extremely poor working conditions, low pay, violence and sexual abuse. The ILO adopted Convention 189 and Recommendation 201 in June 2011, guaranteeing domestic workers labour protection equallent to those of other workers including work hours, minimum pay coverage etc. This paper tries to analyze the existing laws in India for the protection of domestic workers, the international commitments, the shortcomings in the implementation process, and the need for community empowerment to adequately address the cause of injustice.

 

“It has always been a mystery to me how men can feel themselves

honoured by the humiliation of their fellow being.”

- Mahatma Gandhi

 

Millions of people around the world revert to domestic work as one of the few options available to them in order to provide for themselves and their families, instead of guaranteeing their ability to work with dignity; government has systematically denied them key labour protection extended to workers in other sectors. Domestic workers often make extraordinary sacrifice to support their families and are among the most exploited and abused workers in the world. People engaged in domestic work are, extremely poor, illiterate coming from rural or urban areas or migrated workers from other parts and often has to eke out their existence and therefore agrees to work at nominal wages. They are excluded from the very scope of legislation of many countries including India. The specificity of their employment relationships is not addressed, there is no written contract, and they are hired and fired at the will of the employer. Their working conditions remain unregulated and there is no system of social security on which they can fall back.

Domestic work and Domestic workers

The term “domestic work” means work performed in or for a household or households, the term “domestic worker” means any person engaged in domestic work within an employment relationship; a person who performs domestic work only occasionally or sporadically and not on an occupational basis is not a domestic worker.

Types of domestic workers, based on the hours of work and the nature of employment relationships are:

Part time worker: The workers who work for one or more employers for a specified number of hours per day or perform specific tasks for each of the multiple employers every day.

Full time workers: who works for