War and Peace by graf Leo Tolstoy (latest ebook reader .TXT) ๐
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- Author: graf Leo Tolstoy
Read book online ยซWar and Peace by graf Leo Tolstoy (latest ebook reader .TXT) ๐ยป. Author - graf Leo Tolstoy
โWhat is it? Who is it? What is it for?โ he kept asking.
But the attention of the crowdโofficials, burghers, shopkeepers, peasants, and women in cloaks and in pelissesโwas so eagerly centered on what was passing in Lรณbnoe Place that no one answered him. The stout man rose, frowned, shrugged his shoulders, and evidently trying to appear firm began to pull on his jacket without looking about him, but suddenly his lips trembled and he began to cry, in the way full-blooded grown-up men cry, though angry with himself for doing so. In the crowd people began talking loudly, to stifle their feelings of pity as it seemed to Pierre.
โHeโs cook to some prince.โ
โEh, mounseer, Russian sauce seems to be sour to a Frenchman... sets his teeth on edge!โ said a wrinkled clerk who was standing behind Pierre, when the Frenchman began to cry.
The clerk glanced round, evidently hoping that his joke would be appreciated. Some people began to laugh, others continued to watch in dismay the executioner who was undressing the other man.
Pierre choked, his face puckered, and he turned hastily away, went back to his trap muttering something to himself as he went, and took his seat. As they drove along he shuddered and exclaimed several times so audibly that the coachman asked him:
โWhat is your pleasure?โ
โWhere are you going?โ shouted Pierre to the man, who was driving to Lubyรกnka Street.
โTo the Governorโs, as you ordered,โ answered the coachman.
โFool! Idiot!โ shouted Pierre, abusing his coachmanโa thing he rarely did. โHome, I told you! And drive faster, blockhead!โ โI must get away this very day,โ he murmured to himself.
At the sight of the tortured Frenchman and the crowd surrounding the Lรณbnoe Place, Pierre had so definitely made up his mind that he could no longer remain in Moscow and would leave for the army that very day that it seemed to him that either he had told the coachman this or that the man ought to have known it for himself.
On reaching home Pierre gave orders to Evstรกfeyโhis head coachman who knew everything, could do anything, and was known to all Moscowโthat he would leave that night for the army at Mozhรกysk, and that his saddle horses should be sent there. This could not all be arranged that day, so on Evstรกfeyโs representation Pierre had to put off his departure till next day to allow time for the relay horses to be sent on in advance.
On the twenty-fourth the weather cleared up after a spell of rain, and after dinner Pierre left Moscow. When changing horses that night in Perkhรบshkovo, he learned that there had been a great battle that evening. (This was the battle of Shevรกrdino.) He was told that there in Perkhรบshkovo the earth trembled from the firing, but nobody could answer his questions as to who had won. At dawn next day Pierre was approaching Mozhรกysk.
Every house in Mozhรกysk had soldiers quartered in it, and at the hostel where Pierre was met by his groom and coachman there was no room to be had. It was full of officers.
Everywhere in Mozhรกysk and beyond it, troops were stationed or on the march. Cossacks, foot and horse soldiers, wagons, caissons, and cannon were everywhere. Pierre pushed forward as fast as he could, and the farther he left Moscow behind and the deeper he plunged into that sea of troops the more was he overcome by restless agitation and a new and joyful feeling he had not experienced before. It was a feeling akin to what he had felt at the Slobรณda Palace during the Emperorโs visitโa sense of the necessity of undertaking something and sacrificing something. He now experienced a glad consciousness that everything that constitutes menโs happinessโthe comforts of life, wealth, even life itselfโis rubbish it is pleasant to throw away, compared with something... With what? Pierre could not say, and he did not try to determine for whom and for what he felt such particular delight in sacrificing everything. He was not occupied with the question of what to sacrifice for; the fact of sacrificing in itself afforded him a new and joyous sensation.
On the twenty-fourth of August the battle of the Shevรกrdino Redoubt was fought, on the twenty-fifth not a shot was fired by either side, and on the twenty-sixth the battle of Borodinรณ itself took place.
Why and how were the battles of Shevรกrdino and Borodinรณ given and accepted? Why was the battle of Borodinรณ fought? There was not the least sense in it for either the French or the Russians. Its immediate result for the Russians was, and was bound to be, that we were brought nearer to the destruction of Moscowโwhich we feared more than anything in the world; and for the French its immediate result was that they were brought nearer to the destruction of their whole armyโwhich they feared more than anything in the world. What the result must be was quite obvious, and yet Napoleon offered and Kutรบzov accepted that battle.
If the commanders had been guided by reason, it would seem that it must have been obvious to Napoleon that by advancing thirteen hundred miles and giving battle with a probability of losing a quarter of his army, he was advancing to certain destruction, and it must have been equally clear to Kutรบzov that by accepting battle and risking the loss of a quarter of his army he would certainly lose Moscow. For Kutรบzov this was mathematically clear, as it is that if when playing draughts I have one man less and go on exchanging, I shall certainly lose, and therefore should not exchange. When my opponent has sixteen men and I have fourteen, I am only one eighth weaker than he, but when I have exchanged thirteen more men he will be three times as strong as I am.
Before the battle of Borodinรณ our strength in proportion to the French was about as five to six, but after that battle it was little more than one to two: previously we had a hundred thousand against a hundred and twenty thousand; afterwards little more than fifty thousand against a hundred thousand. Yet the shrewd and experienced Kutรบzov accepted the battle, while Napoleon, who was said to be a commander of genius, gave it, losing a quarter of his army and lengthening his lines of communication still more. If it is said that he expected to end the campaign by occupying Moscow as he had ended a previous campaign by occupying Vienna, there is much evidence to the contrary. Napoleonโs historians themselves tell us that from Smolรฉnsk onwards he wished to stop, knew the danger of his extended position, and knew that the occupation of Moscow would not be the end of the campaign, for he had seen at Smolรฉnsk the state in which Russian towns were left to him, and had not received a single reply to his repeated announcements of his wish to negotiate.
In giving and accepting battle at Borodinรณ, Kutรบzov acted involuntarily and irrationally. But later on, to fit what had occurred, the historians provided cunningly devised evidence of the foresight and genius of the generals who, of all the blind tools of history were the most enslaved and involuntary.
The ancients have left us model
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