How to Live by Eugene Lyman Fisk (adult books to read txt) π
[Sidenote: Card-playing]
Card-playing and similar games afford wholesome mental recreation for some persons. However, they, too, are liable to be associated with late hours, and other disadvantages even when they do not degenerate into gambling. Card-playing, dancing, and many other popular forms of amusement often border on dissipation.
[Sidenote: Suicidal Amusement]
Amusements which weaken and degrade are not hygienic.
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[E] These values cover the whole portion as served, including bread and butter.
[F] Contains 15 per cent. or over of heat in protein.
[G] contains the protein of meat, milk, eggs or cheese.
[H] Not purchased in the restaurant.
Professor Graham Lusk has very kindly contributed the following comments and additional table, derived from this material:
βThe above are analyses of 350 different samples of foods purchased over the counters of a company which maintains a chain of restaurants in New York City, and obtained without knowledge on the part of these restaurants that the analyses were contemplated.
βOne may reliably assume that for the man of ordinary size, who lives without doing any special muscular exercise, the fuel requirement of the body each day amounts to 2,500 calories of heat. Translated into common terms, this is the quantity of heat which would be required to raise about 25 quarts of water from the freezing to the boiling point. Miss Cauble, a special investigator of the Association for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor, kindly estimated the cost at wholesale prices of the ingredients of different portions sold in the restaurants. These are given in Table 9 beginning on page 64 of the pamphlet from which the above table was derived. The data enable one to construct a new table which gives the estimated wholesale cost of 2,500 calories in the various familiar forms of food sold in the restaurant. This represents the minimum cost of fuel for the support of an adult during twenty-four hours without taking into consideration labor, fuel or rent which, in the case of the restaurant, must be included in the cost of the foods when they are eaten. It represents the minimal cost of food in the home.
βIt appears from the table given below that the cost of 2,500 calories in the wholesale market varies from $.04 in the case of boiled rice to $.61 for shad. About half of the dishes can be obtained at wholesale at a price less than $.25 for 2,500 calories, or less than a cent per hundred calories, a cost which is the standard striven for in school lunches. The table is given on the next page.
ESTIMATED WHOLESALE COST OF THE UNCOOKED INGREDIENTS OF 2500 CALORIES CONTAINED IN STANDARD FOODS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR INCREASING COST. Apple tapioca pudding $.04 Rice, boiled (side order) .04 Bath buns .06 Pie, apple .07 Pie, rhubarb .08 Apple, baked .09 Pie, strawberry .09 Cocoa .09 Crullers .10 [I] Fish cakes with tomato sauce .13 Muffins, corn .13 [I] Lamb croquette and mashed potatoes .14 [I] Beans, Boston baked .15 [I] Beef, corned .15 Pie, lemon .15 Chicken wings on toast .16 Napoleon .16 [I] Salad, potato .16 Toast, buttered .16 Cream roll .17 [I] Beef, creamed, chipped, on toast .18 Cakes, butter .19 [I] Roast, Vienna, and spaghetti and potatoes .19 Pudding, tapioca, creamed .20 Sandwich, oyster .20 [I] Veal cutlet, breaded and tomato sauce .20 [I] Beef, corned, hash browned in pan .21 [I] Liver and bacon .21 [I] Roast, Vienna, with French fried potatoes .21 [I] Stew, lamb .21 [I] Beans, New York, baked .22 Cakes, buckwheat, with maple cane sirup .22 Coffee, cup of (contained cream and sugar) .22 Pudding, bread, with vanilla sauce .24 [I] Beef, corned, hashed, steamed .25 Oatmeal, fresh cooked, with cream .25 [I] Stew, beef .25 Pie, oyster .26 Potatoes, French fried, extra order .26 [I] Sandwich, ham .26 [I] Beef, creamed, chipped .27 [I] Sandwich, corned beef .27 [I] Beef, corned, hashed, steamed, with poached egg .28 [I] Mackerel, broiled salt, with mashed potatoes .28 Milk .29 Pudding, rice, cold .29 [I] Rice, hot, with poached egg .29 Soup, bean, with croutons .29 [I] Sandwich, minced chicken .30 Cornstarch, chocolate, with cream .31 Ice cream, strawberry .31 [I] Omelet, ham .32 Sandwich, cream cheese walnut .32 [I] Omelet, plain .33 Cornstarch, vanilla, with cream .34 [I] Omelet, onion .34 [I] Oyster fry, small .34 [I] Eggs, fried (2) .35 [I] Sandwich, fried egg .35 Sausage, country .35 [I] Chicken croquette and French fried potatoes .36 [I] Eggs, creamed, on toast .36 [I] Omelet, parsley .37 [I] Omelet, Spanish, with French fried potatoes .37 [I] Sandwich, tomato .39 [I] Eggs, scrambled (2) .40 [I] Lamb chops (2) .40 Sandwich, club .40 [I] Salad, tuna fish .41 Custard .43 [I] Sandwich, chicken, sliced .43 [I] Steak, tenderloin .43 [I] Ham, fried .44 [I] Sandwich, roast beef, hot .44 Strawberries with cream .44 Toast, milk .45 [I] Eggs, boiled (2) .47 [I] Omelet, chicken .47 [I] Sandwich, minced chicken with lettuce .49 [I] Eggs, poached on toast (2) .59 [I] Shad, baked, and dressing .61[I] These orders contained bread and butter, which are figured in the food values. Of the orders containing bread the fractional part of the nutritional energy of the order from this source averaged 43.7 per cent. of the total.
βContemplation of these results may be made after the housekeeper has carefully gone through the monthly hills for food, divided the cost of the total food by the number of days in the month and then divided this figure by the number of people in the family, counting children between five and fifteen years of age at two-thirds of an adult.
βIt would be interesting to know whether the cost of food for the adult as determined in this fashion was $.25, $.50 or $1.00 per day. Wherever the higher values are reached it is certain that extravagant profits are paid to middlemen or great waste exists in the kitchen.
βThe theme might still further be elaborated, but the essential data for those interested in food economics can be obtained from the table itself. Wholesale prices are used for the reason that retail prices are subject to great variation. The fluctuation of retail prices does not make it feasible to give their equivalents for the wholesale list, but the relationship can be judged by noting the equivalents for the extremes. In this table, for example, the retail price of 2500 calories of rice would be about 13 cents as against 4 cents wholesale, and for shad about $1.50, retail as against 61 cents wholesale.β
CALORIES OF FOOD CONSUMED DAILY[J][J] Skandinavisches Archiv fΓΌr Physiologie XXXI. Band. 1., 2 u. 3. Heft, Leipzig, Verlag Von Veit & Comp., 1914.
The following table is derived from data produced by Becker and Hamalainen of the University of Helsingfors, Finland, from actual experiment with individuals alternately resting and working at their respective trades while in the βrespiration calorimeter.β
Occupation Age HeightFt.βIns. Wgt.
Lbs. During Rest During Work Total Calories per Day (8 Hrs Work, 16 Hrs. Rest) Calories per Hour Calories per Hour per Lb. of Body Weight Calories per Hour MEN Shoemaker 56 5β0 145 73 .50 172 2544 Shoemaker 30 5β8 143 87 .60 171 2760 Tailor 39 5β5 141 72 .50 124 2144 Tailor 46 5β10Β½ 161 102 .63 135 2712 Bookbinder 19 6β0 150 87 .58 164 2704 Bookbinder 23 5β4Β½ 143 85 .59 163 2664 Metalworker 34 5β4 139 81 .58 216 3024 Metalworker 27 5β5 130 99 .76 219 3336 Painter 25 5β11 154 104 .67 231 3512 Painter 27 5β8 147 111 .79 230 3616 Joiner 42 5β7 154 81 .50 204 2928 Joiner 24 5β5Β½ 141 85 .60 244 3312 Stone-worker 27 5β11 156 90 .57 408 4704 Stone-worker 22 5β8 141 85 .60 366 4288 Sawyer 42 5β5 167 86 .50 501 5384 Sawyer 43 5β5 143 84 .59 451 4952 WOMEN Hand-sewer 53 5β3 139 75 .54 83 1864 Hand-sewer 35 5β6 143 64 .45 88 1728 Machine-sewer 53 5β3 139 75 .54 103 2024 Machine-sewer 19 5β3 110 64 .58 119 1976 Wash-woman 43 5β3 125 75 .60 285 3480 Wash-woman 19 5β3 110 64 .58 186 2512 Waitress 43 5β3 125 75 .60 228 3024 Waitress 19 5β3 110 64 .58 143 2168 Bookbinder 22 5β4 105 70 .65 98 1904 Bookbinder 22 5β3 112 61 .54 127 1992
For example, for sawyers (an active occupation), the heat production and consequent requirement in calories worked out as follows:
During rest 84 calories Γ 16 h. 1344 During work 451 calories
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