American Red Cross Text-Book on Home Hygiene and Care of the Sick by Isabel McIsaac (best affordable ebook reader txt) 📕

is recommended: 2 oz. powdered precipitated chalk. ½ oz. powdered Castile soap, 1 dram powdered orris root. Thoroughly mix.

This prescription can be filled by any druggist at a cost not to exceed fifteen cents.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
CITY OF NEW YORK
Instructions to Parents Regarding the Care of the Nose

The physical examination of school children shows that in many instances they breathe through the mouth because they cannot breathe properly or sufficiently through the nose.

This may be due to bad habits in regard to keeping the nose clean, or, in a majority of instances, to a growth which is known as "adenoids" and which stops up the back of the nose. In either case, the air is not breathed through the nose, and the child becomes what is known as a "mouth breather."

Constant breathing through the mouth causes the child to become pale, restless in its sleep and dull in its actions. The child often speaks as though it had a cold in the head. Frequently there is an almost constant discharge from the nose.

Mouth breathing renders a child especially liable to contract tuberculosis and other infectious diseases; in fact, the child has very little resistance to disease of any kind.

Every child should be given a handkerchief, and be taught to thoroughly blow the nose several times each day. If, after doing this regularly, the child is still unable to breathe properly through the nose, it is probable that an adenoid growth is present. Such children should be taken to the family physician or to a dispensary for further advice and treatment.

Do not wait too long in the hope that the child will outgrow the condition, for the effect of adenoid growths persisting throughout childhood may injure the person for life.

Have your child's throat and nose examined one month after measles, scarlet fever, or diphtheria.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
CITY OF NEW YORK
Instructions to Parents on the Care of Children's Hair and Scalp

Children affected with vermin of the head are excluded from school. The following directions will cure the condition:

Mix one-half pint of sweet oil and one-half pint of kerosene oil. Shake the mixture well and saturate the hair with the mixture. Then wrap the head in a large bath towel or rubber cap so that the head is entirely covered; the head must remain covered from six to eight hours.

(Tincture of larkspur may be used instead of oil mixture. The directions for use are the same.)

After removing the towel, the head should be shampooed as follows:

To two quarts of warm water add one teaspoonful of sodium carbonate (washing soda). Wet the hair with this solution and then apply Castile soap and rub the head thoroughly about ten minutes. Wash the soap out of the hair with repeated washings of clear warm water. Dry the hair thoroughly.

Nits: If the head is shampooed regularly each week as above described, it will cure and prevent the condition of "nits."

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
CITY OF NEW YORK
DIET FOR CHILD FROM 12TH TO 18TH MONTH First Meal—on Rising.

(1) 1 to 2 ounces juice of a sweet orange
or
Pulp of 6 stewed prunes
or
1 ounce pineapple juice.

(2) 8 ounces milk with either zwieback, or toasted biscuits or stale toasted bread.

Note: Fruit must be given either ½ hour before or ½ hour after milk.

Second Meal—During Forenoon.

Milk alone or with zwieback.

Noon Meal.

(1) 6 ounces soup
or
3 ounces beef juice.

Note: Soup may be made of chicken, beef or mutton.

(2) Stale bread may be added to the above.

Fourth Meal—Afternoon.

Milk or toasted bread and milk.

Evening Meal.

(1) 4 ounces thick gruel mixed with 4 ounces top half milk. Taken with zwieback.

Note: Gruel may be made of oatmeal, farina, barley, hominy, wheatena, or rice.

(2) Apple sauce
or
Prune jelly.

Total milk in 24 hours, 1 to 1¼quarts.

Note: 8 ounces is equal to a half pint.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
CITY OF NEW YORK
DIET FOR CHILD FROM 18TH TO 24TH MONTH Breakfast.

(1) Juice of one sweet orange
or
Pulp of six stewed prunes
or
Pineapple juice (fresh or bottled) 1 ounce.

(2) A cereal such as cream of wheat, oatmeal, farina, or hominy preparations with top milk (top 16 ounces) sweetened or salted. A glass of milk, bread and butter.

Note: If constipated give the fruit ½ hour before breakfast with water; if not, they may be given during the forenoon.

Raw fruit juice must be given either ½ hour before or ½ hour after milk.

Forenoon.

A glass of milk with two toasted biscuits or zwieback or graham crackers.

Dinner.

(1) Broth or soup made of beef, mutton, or chicken, and thickened with peas, farina, sago or rice
or
Beef juice with stale bread crumbs; or clear vegetable soup with yolk of egg
or
Egg soft boiled, with bread crumbs, or the egg poached, with a glass of milk.

(2) Dessert: apple sauce, prune pulp, with stale lady-fingers or graham wafers
or
Plain puddings: rice, bread, tapioca, blanc-mange, junket or baked custard.

Supper.

Glass of milk, warm or cold; zwieback and custard or stewed fruit.

Total milk in 24 hours, 1½ quarts.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
CITY OF NEW YORK
DIET FOR CHILD FROM TWO TO THREE YEARS Breakfast.

(1) Juice of 1 sweet orange
or
Pulp of 6 stewed prunes
or
1 ounce pineapple juice (fresh or bottled)
or
Apple sauce.

(2) A cereal such as oatmeal, farina, cream of wheat, hominy or rice, slightly sweetened or salted as preferred, with the addition of top milk (top 16 ounces)
or
A soft boiled or poached egg with stale bread or toast.

(3) A glass of milk.

Note: If constipated give the fruit ½ hour before breakfast with water; if not, they may be given during the forenoon.

Milk and raw fruit juice must not be given at same meal.

Dinner.

(1) Broth or soup made of chicken, mutton or beef, thickened with arrowroot, split peas, rice, or with addition of the yolk of an egg or toast squares.

(2) Scraped beef or white meat of chicken, or broiled fish (small amount)
or
Mashed or baked potatoes with fresh peas or spinach or carrots.

(3) Dessert: apple sauce, baked apple, rice pudding, junket or custard.

Supper.

(1) A cereal or egg (if egg is not taken with breakfast) with stale bread or toast
or
Bread and milk or bread and cocoa or bread and custard.

(2) Stewed fruit.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
CITY OF NEW YORK
DIET FOR CHILD FROM THREE TO SIX YEARS Breakfast.

(1) Fruits: an orange, apple, pear or stewed prunes.

(2) Cereal: oatmeal, hominy, rice or wheat preparations, well cooked and salted, with thin cream and sugar
or
Egg: soft boiled, poached, omelet or scrambled.

(3) Milk or cocoa.

Dinner.

(1) Soup: beef, chicken or mutton.

(2) Meat: chicken or beefsteak or roast beef or lamb chops or fish.

(3) Vegetables: spinach or carrots or string beans, peas, cauliflower tops, mashed or baked potatoes, beets or lettuce (without vinegar)

Macaroni, spaghetti.

Bread and butter—not fresh bread or rolls.

(4) Dessert: custard, rice or bread or tapioca pudding, ice cream (once a week) cornstarch pudding (chocolate or other flavor) stewed prunes or baked apple.

Supper.

(1) Milk toast or graham crackers and milk
or
A thick soup, as pea, or cream of celery with bread and butter
or
A cereal and thin cream with bread and butter.

(2) Stewed fruit; custard or plain pudding; jam or jelly.

GLOSSARY

(For complete definitions of the following words the student is referred to general and scientific dictionaries)

A

Antiseptic.—A substance which prevents or hinders the growth of micro-organisms.

Antitoxin.—A substance that neutralizes the action of a toxin.

Aseptic.—Free from living germs.

Axilla.—The armpit.

B

Bacillus (pl. bacilli).—A rod-shaped or elongated bacterium.

Bacterial.—Relating to bacteria.

Bactericide.—An agent having the power to destroy bacteria.

Bacteriological.—Relating to bacteriology.

Bacteriology.—The science dealing with microorganisms.

Bacterium (pl. bacteria).—A unicellular vegetable micro-organism.

C

Carrier.—An apparently healthy person who harbors pathogenic germs in his body.

Coccus (pl. cocci).—A bacterium of spherical or nearly spherical shape.

Counter-irritant.—A substance or agent which if applied to the skin causes irritation and thereby relieves an abnormal condition in another part of the body.

D

Degeneration.—A deterioration in cells or tissues of the body so that they become less able to perform their proper functions.

Degenerative.—Pertaining to degeneration.

Deodorant.—An agent that destroys odors.

Digestive Tract.—The entire alimentary canal, including the mouth, œsophagus, stomach, and the small and large intestines.

Diplococcus.—A form of coccus in which two individuals remain attached after cell division has taken place.

Disinfect.—To destroy the germs of disease.

Disinfectant.—An agent that destroys the germs of disease.

Disinfection.—The process of destroying the germs of disease.

E

Emetic.—A substance used to induce vomiting.

Enema.—An injection of fluid into the rectum.

F

Fecal.—Pertaining to feces.

Feces.—Matter discharged from the bowels; bowel movement.

Fermentation.—Decomposition produced in an organic substance by the action of certain living agents.

Fission.—The process by which a cell divides into two parts.

Flagellum (pl. flagella).—A long hair-like appendage, by the action of which certain micro-organisms are enabled to move.

Flex.—To bend at a joint.

Fomentation.—See Stupe.

G

Gastric Juice.—The fluid secreted by the glands of the stomach.

Germ.—A minute unicellular organism, either animal or vegetable; a micro-organism; a microbe.

Germicide.—An agent having the power to kill germs.

H

Host.—An animal or plant in or upon which another organism lives.

I

Immune.—Not susceptible to a particular disease; also, a person who is not susceptible to a particular disease.

Immunity.—The state in which an individual is not susceptible to a particular disease.

Immunize.—To render immune.

Incubation.—The interval between exposure to an infectious disease and the first appearance of symptoms.

Infect.—To communicate disease germs.

Infection.—An agent by which disease may be communicated from one individual to another; also, an infectious disease.

Inoculate.—To introduce any biological product directly into the tissues of the body.

Inoculation.—The process of inoculating.

Intestinal Tract.—The small and large intestines.

M

Microbe.—See Germ.

Micro-organism.—See Germ.

Mucus.—The substance secreted by mucous membranes.

Mucous Membranes.—The membranes lining certain cavities of the body, especially the digestive and respiratory tracts.

N

Nutrient.—One of several chemical groups to which the essential constituents of food belong.

O

Organic.—Derived from or relating to an organism.

Organism.—An individual that is or has been alive.

P

Parasite.—An individual that lives in or upon another individual.

Pasteurization.—The process of pasteurizing.

Pasteurize.—To subject milk to a temperature of 142°-145° Fahrenheit for thirty minutes.

Pathogenic.—Disease-producing.

Pertussis.—Whooping-cough.

Proteid.—One of the complex nitrogenous substances constituting the essential parts of animal and vegetable tissues.

Protozoön (pl. protozoa).—An animal organism composed of a single cell.

Pus.—The fluid product of inflammation; matter.

Putrefaction.—Decomposition of nitrogenous organic matter brought about by micro-organisms and accompanied by a foul odor.

R

Resistance.—See Immunity.

Respiratory Tract.—The air passages, including the nose, mouth, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and lungs.

S

Saprophyte.—A vegetable organism that lives on decaying organic matter.

Sarcina.—Literally, a bundle. Applied to bacteria grouped in bundles or packets.

Septic.—Putrefying or decomposing; infected by pus-producing bacteria.

Sequela.—A disease or unhealthy condition following another disease or unhealthy condition.

Serum.—The fluid which separates from the clot after blood has coagulated; especially, that containing an antitoxin.

Sewage.—Any substance containing urine or fecal matter; also, the substance which passes through sewers.

Spirillum (pl. spirilla).—A variety of bacteria having spirally twisted cells.

Spore.—A resting stage, characterized by great resistance, into which certain germs enter when conditions become unfavorable for their growth.

Sputum.—Spit; expectoration.

Staphylococcus.—A variety of bacteria that group themselves in masses resembling bunches of grapes.

Sterile.—Free from living germs; aseptic.

Sterilization.—The process of rendering sterile.

Sterilize.—To render sterile.

Streptococcus.—A variety of bacteria that arrange themselves in chains.

Stupe.—A cloth wrung out of hot water and applied to the surface of the body.

Susceptible.—Lacking resistance to a disease.

Susceptibility.—The condition in which resistance to a disease is low.

T

Tetrad.—A variety of bacteria that arrange themselves in groups of four.

Tissue.—A collection of cells having the same function.

Toxin.—A poison produced by the action of micro-organisms.

U

Unicellular.—Composed of a single cell.

Uterus.—The womb.

V

Vaccinate.—To inoculate with a poison in order to bring about immunity to a disease.

Vaccine.—Any substance which if introduced into the body causes the formation of protective substances.

Vomitus.—Vomited substances.