Ancient America, in Notes on American Archaeology by John D. Baldwin (best thriller books to read .TXT) đź“•
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oration and study of these antiquities is stated as follows: "Although possessing throughout certain general points of resemblance going to establish a kindred origin, these works nevertheless resolve themselves into three grand geographical divisions, which present in many respects striking contrasts, yet so gradually merge into each other that it is impossible to determine where one series terminates and another begins." On the upper lakes, and to a certain extent in Michigan, Iowa, and Missouri, but particularly in Wisconsin, the outlines of the inclosures (elsewhere more regular in form) were designed in the forms of animals, birds, serpents, and even men, appearing on the surface of the country like huge relievos. The embankment of an irregular inclosure in Adams County, Ohio, is described as follows by Squier and Davis, Mr. Squier having made the drawing of it for the work published by the Smithsonian Institution:
"It is in the form of a serpent, upward of 1000 feet in length, extended i
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great temple, 214;
Cortez could not have invented the temple, 215.
Cross, the, not originally a Christian emblem, 109;
vastly older than Christianity as a symbolic device, 109, 110;
common in Central American ruins, 109;
the assumption that it was first used as a Christian emblem has misled inquiry as to the age and origin of antiquities, 110.
Cuzco, Montesinos on its name, 227;
was probably built by the Incas on the site of a ruined city of the older times, 226-7;
the ruins at Cuzco, 226, 234-5.
Egyptian pyramids totally unlike those in America, 183;
no resemblance between Egyptians and the Mexican race, 183.
Ethnology, American, discussed, 65-9;
South Americans the oldest aborigines, 68, 69, 185;
Huxley’s suggestion, 69.
Gallatin, Albert, on Mound-Builders, 34.
Garcilasso partly of Inca blood, 258;
not well qualified to write a history of Peru, 258-9;
he began with the fable of Manco-Capac, and confined all history to the Incas, 259-61;
was received as an “authority,” 269;
his influence has misdirected Peruvian studies, 269.
Gila, valley of, its ruins, 82.
Gold the most common metal in Peru, 250;
astonishing abundance of Peruvian gold-work, 249-50;
their gardens made of gold, 250;
amount of gold sent from Peru to Spain, 238, 250;
gold calendar found recently at Cuzco, 236.
Herrara on the buildings in Yucatan, 149.
Huehue-Tlapalan, from which the Toltecs went to Mexico, 57, 75, 201-3;
supposed to be the Mississippi and Ohio valleys, 202, 203;
described in old Central American books, 202;
the Toltecs driven from Huehue-Tlapalan by the Chichimecs, or wild Indians, 203;
it was at a distance northeast of Mexico, 201, 202;
Cabrera and others on Huehue-Tlapalan, 202.
Humboldt on Phœnician symbols in America, 186;
on the origin of the Aztecs, 218;
on Peruvian great roads, 245;
on books of hieroglyphics found in Peru, 246, 255;
describes the pyramid of Papantla, 91, 92.
Huxley on American ethnology, 69.
Incas of Peru, origin of the title, 267;
they represent only the last period of Peruvian history, 261;
their dynasty began 500 years or less before the Conquest, 260-1;
list of the Incas, 261;
Manco-Capac a fable, 260-1.
Indians of North America, vain endeavors to connect them with the Mound-Builders, 62;
came toward the Atlantic from the northwest, 59;
the Iroquois group may have come first, 58;
their distribution relative to the Algonquins, 59, 60;
date of Algonquin migration estimated, 60;
these Indians resemble the Koraks and Chookchees, 65, 185;
they are entirely distinct from Mound-Builders and Pueblos, 60, 65;
their barbarism original, 61.
“Inscription Rock,” 78.
Inscriptions in Central America written in Maya characters, 196;
written perhaps in an old form of speech from which the Maya family of dialects was derived, 196;
attempts to decipher them, 292.
Iron, names for, in ancient Peru, 248.
Israelitish theory of ancient America, 166-7.
Keweenaw Point, a copper district, 44.
Kukulcan, his worship, 220, 293.
Lake Peten in the forest, Maya settlement there, 95;
Ursua’s road from Yucatan to the lake, 95.
Landa wrote on the Mayas of Yucatan, 191;
preserved the Maya alphabet, with explanations, 191.
Languages in Mexico and Central America, 200, 205;
three groups, 216;
probably not radically distinct, 206, 216;
the most important group supposed to be Colhuan, 205.
Las Casas on Central American annalists, 187-8;
what he says of the old books and their destruction, 188.
Maize, did Indians get it from Mound-Builders? 35.
Malays, their ancient empire, 167-8;
their navigation of the Pacific, 168;
spread of their dialects, 168;
came to America, 169, 170, 272;
El MasĂşdĂ on the Malays, 168;
were not civilizers in America, 170-1;
ruins of Malayan cities in Java, 163-9.
Manco-Capac a fiction of the Incas, 260-1;
discarded by Montesinos and other early Spanish writers, 261, 269.
Mandan Indians supposed Mound-Builders, 74.
Mayas first seen by Columbus, 209;
their phonetic alphabet preserved, 191;
descendants of the first civilizers, 170.
Mexican cities noticed by Spaniards, 211, 215;
what Montezuma said of his building materials, 209.
Mexican “picture-writing” a peculiarity of the Aztecs, 221;
much inferior to the Maya writing, 221;
something like it at Chichen-Itza, 143;
Aztecs could not have left such inscriptions as those seen in the ruined cities, 221.
Mexican ruins in the central region, 89-92;
Tulha, 89;
Xochicalco, 89, 90;
Papantla, 91, 92;
Cholula, 90;
Teotihuacan, 90;
pyramids with galleries, 91;
unexplored antiquities in this region, 91.
Mining works of Mound-Builders, 43-6;
mining method of the Mound-Builders, 43;
ound, 44, 46;
they left a detached mass of copper in a mine, 43-4;
antiquity of their mining works, 46, 53, 64.
Mitla, its ruins show refined skill in the builders, 118, 121;
the decorations, 121;
present state of the ruins, 117-122.
Montesinos, Fernando, explored and studied Peru fifteen years, 261;
unequaled in knowledge of its antiquities and traditional history, 263;
his means of information, 262;
how historical narratives and poems were preserved by the amautas, 263;
how literature can be preserved by trained memory, 262-3;
Homer and the Vedas, 262-3.
Montesinos on Peruvian history, 264-7;
there were three distinct periods, 264;
he rejects the Manco-Capac fable, 264;
does not begin the history with such stories, 264;
reports 64 kings in the first period, 264;
his account of the Peruvian sovereigns, 264-7;
the art of writing existed in the older time, 265;
how the first period closed, 266;
the second period, for 1000 years, a period of invasions, divisions, small states, and general decline of civilization, 264, 267;
in this period the art of writing was lost, 267;
in it the 26 successors of the 64 kings were merely kings of Tambotoco, 266;
how this period ended, 267-8;
the third period began with Rocca, the first Inca, 267;
why Montesinos has not been duly appreciated, 268-9;
his facts stand apart from his theories, 268;
probabilities favor his report of three periods, 270-1.
Montezuma on his building-material, 209.
Morgan, Lewis H., on the Indians, 59, 60, 66.
Mound-Builders, their national name unknown, 14, 57;
their mound-work and its uses, 17-19;
like mound-work in Mexico and Central America, 70, 71, 72;
their civilization, 33-39;
used wood for building material, 70, 71;
their inclosures, 19-24;
their works at the south, 24, 27;
their principal settlements, 30, 31, 34;
their border settlements, 52;
had commerce with Mexico, 73;
relics of their manufactures, 40, 41, 61;
their long stay in the country, 51-55;
were not ancestors of wild Indians, 58-61;
came from Mexico, 70;
were connected with Mexico through Texas, 73;
probably were Toltecs, 74, 200-3.
Muyscas, their civilization, 271.
Nahuatl or Toltec chronology, 203-4.
Natchez Indians, were they degenerate Mound-Builders, 58, 56.
Northmen in America, 279-85;
they discovered Greenland, 280;
their settlements in Greenland, 280-1, 284;
Biarni’s constrained voyage to Massachusetts in 985 A.D., 163, 281;
subsequent voyages to New England, 281-4;
encounters with the Indians, 282, 283;
the Norse settlements in Vinland were probably lumbering and trading establishments, 284;
not people enough in Greenland and Iceland to make extensive settlements, 284;
written narratives of these discoveries, 279-80.
Origin of Mexican and Central American civilization, theories of, 165-183;
the “lost tribes” theory absurd, 166-7;
the Malay theory untenable, 170-1;
the Phœnician theory fails to explain it, 173-4;
the Atlantic theory explained by Brasseur de Bourbourg not likely to be received, 182;
it was an original American civilization, 184;
may have begun in South America, 185, 246, 272-3.
Orton, Prof., on Peruvian antiquity, 273, 274.
Pacific islands, their antiquities, 288-92.
Palenque, Stephens’s first view of, 100;
this city’s name unknown, 104;
supposed to have been the ancient Xibalba, 199;
some of its ruins described, 105-9;
extent of the old city can not be determined, 96, 105;
difficulties of exploration, 105, 110;
the cross at Palenque, 109;
aqueduct, 105.
Papantla, its remarkable stone pyramid, 91, 92;
important ruins in the forests of Papantla and Misantla, 91.
Paper, Peruvian name of, 267;
manufacture of, for writing, proscribed in the second period of Peruvian history, 267.
Peruvian ancient history, 257-67.
Peruvian civilization, 246;
differed from Central American, 222-3, 246;
is seen in the civil and industrial organization, 247;
in their agriculture, 247;
in their manufactures, 247-51;
their dyes, 247-8;
their skill in gold-work, 249;
the abundance of gold-work, 249-50;
their schools of the amautas, 253, 263;
their literature, 255;
anciently had the art of writing, 255, 267;
had names for iron, and said to have worked iron mines, 248-9.
Peruvian ruins, where found, 222, 237;
they represent two periods of civilization, 226;
remains on islands in Lake Titicaca, 227-8;
at Tiahuanaco, 233-4;
remarkable monolithic gateways, 233-4;
at old Huanuco, 239-40;
at Gran-Chimu, 237-8;
ruins of a large and populous city, 237;
Cuelap, 239;
Pachacamac, 243;
subterranean passage under a river, 243;
the aqueducts, 222, 237, 243;
the great roads, 243-6;
ruins at Cuzco, 234.
Phœnicians, or people of that race, came probably to America in very ancient times, 172, 173;
decline of geographical knowledge around the Ægean after Phœnicia was subjugated, about B.C. 813, 272-3;
supposed Phœnician symbols in Central America, 186;
Phœnician race may have influenced Central American civilization, but did not originate it, 173, 185;
Tyrians storm-driven to America, 162, 163.
Pizarro seeks Peru, 224-5;
discovers the country, 225;
goes to Spain for aid, 225;
finally lands at Tumbez, 225;
marches to Caxamalca, 220;
perpetrates wholesale murder and seizes the Inca, 220;
the Inca fills a room with gold for ransom, and is murdered, 220, 249.
“Popol-Vuh,” an old Quiché book translated, 192;
what it contains, 193;
Quiché account of the creation, 194;
four attempts to create man, 194-5;
its mythology grew out of an older system, 193-4;
kingdom of Quiché not older than 1200 A.D., 193.
Pueblos, 76, 77;
Pueblo ruins, 77-89;
occupied northern frontier of the Mexican race, 68, 217-18;
unlike the wild Indians, 67-8.
Quichés, notices of, 193.
Quippus, Peruvian, 254-5.
Quirigua, its ruins like those of Copan, but older, 114;
it is greatly decayed, 117;
has inscriptions, 117.
Quito subjugated by Huayna-Capac, 225;
was civilized like Peru, 270;
modern traveler’s remark on, 276.
Savage theory of human history, 182.
“Semi-Village Indians,” 67, 68.
Serpent, figures of, 28;
great serpent inclosure, 28.
Simpson, Lieut., describes a Pueblo ruin, 88, 89.
Spinning and weaving in Peru, 247;
vestiges of these arts among the Mound-Builders, 41;
the Mayas had textile fabrics, 209.
Squier on the Aztecs, 92;
on the more southern ruins in Central America, 123, 124;
on the monoliths of Copan, 112;
on
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