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Helena, the Christian Empress.—​Constantine, her Son, favors the Christians.—​Crumbling of the Empire.—​Constantine the Christian, and Maxentius the Pagan.—​Vision of Constantine.—​The Unfurled Cross.—​Christianity favored by the Court.—​Licinius defends the Christians.—​Writings of Eusebius.—​Apostasy of Licinius.—​Cruel Persecution.
CHAPTER XVI.
THE CONVERSION OF CONSTANTINE.
The Arian Controversy.—​Sanguinary Conflict between Paganism and Christianity.—​Founding of Constantinople.—​The Council of Nice.—​Its Decision.—​Duplicity of some of the Arians.—​The Nicene Creed.—​Tragic Scene in the Life of Constantine.—​His Penitence and true Conversion.—​His Baptism, and Reception into the Church.—​Charles V.—​The Emperor Napoleon I.
CHAPTER XVII.
JULIAN THE APOSTATE.
The Devotion of Constantine to Christianity.—​Constantius and the Barbarians.—​Conspiracy of Magnentius.—​The Decisive Battle.—​Decay of Rome.—​Fearful Retribution.—​Noble Sentiments of the Bishop of Alexandria.—​Death of Constantius.—​Gallus and Julian.—​Julian enthroned.—​His Apostasy.—​His Warfare against Christianity.—​Unavailing Attempt to rebuild Jerusalem.—​Persecution.—​His Expedition to the East, and Painful Death.
CHAPTER XVIII.
THE IMMEDIATE SUCCESSORS OF JULIAN.
Anecdote.—​Accession of Jovian.—​His Character.—​Christianity reinstated.—​Death of Jovian.—​Recall of Athanasius.—​Wide Condemnation of Arianism.—​Heroism of Jovian.—​Valentinian and Valens.—​Valentinian enthroned.—​Valens in the East.—​Barbarian Irruptions.—​Reign of Theodosius.—​Aspect of the Barbarians.—​Rome captured by Alaric.—​Character of Alaric.—​His Death and Burial.—​Remarkable Statement of Adolphus.—​Attila the Hun.—​Valentinian III.—​Acadius.—​Eloquence of Chrysostom.—​His Banishment and Death.—​Rise of Monasticism.
CHAPTER XIX.
THE FIFTH CENTURY.
Christianity the only Possible Religion.—​Adventures of Placidia.—​Her Marriage with Adolphus the Goth.—​Scenes of Violence and Crime.—​Attila the Hun.—​Nuptials of Idaho.—​Eudoxia and her Fate.—​Triumph of Odoacer the Goth.—​Character of the Roman Nobles.—​Conquests of Theodoric.—​John Chrysostom.—​The Origin of Monasticism.—​Augustine.—​His Dissipation, Conversion, and Christian Career.
CHAPTER XX.
CENTURIES OF WAR AND WOE.
Convulsions of the Sixth Century.—​Corruption of the Church.—​The Rise of Monasteries.—​Rivalry between Rome and Constantinople.—​Mohammed and his Career.—​His Personal Appearance.—​His System of Religion.—​His Death.—​Military Expeditions of the Moslems.—​The Threatened Conquest of Europe.—​Capture of Alexandria.—​Burning of the Library.—​Rise of the Feudal System.—​Charlemagne.—​Barbarian Antagonism to Christianity.
CHAPTER XXI.
THE DARK AGES.
The Anticipated Second Coming of Christ.—​State of the World in the Tenth Century.—​Enduring Architecture.—​Power of the Papacy.—​Vitality of the Christian Religion.—​The Pope and the Patriarch.—​Intolerance of Hildebrand.—​Humiliation of the Emperor Henry IV.—​Farewell Letter of Monomaque.—​The Crusades.—​Vladimir of Russia.—​His Introduction of Christianity to his Realms.—​Marriage with the Christian Princess Anne.—​Extirpation of Paganism.—​The Baptism.—​The Spiritual Conversion of Vladimir.
CHAPTER XXII.
THE REFORMATION.
Two Aspects of Catholicism.—​Jubilee at Rome.—​Infamy of Philip of France.—​Banditti Bishops.—​Sale of Indulgences.—​Tetzel the Peddler.—​The Rise of Protestantism.—​Luther and the Diet at Worms.—​Intolerance of Charles V.—​Civil War and its Reverses.—​Perfidy of Charles V.—​Coalition against the Protestants.—​Abdication and Death.
CHAPTER XXIII.
THE MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW.
Principles of the two Parties.—​Ferdinand’s Appeal to the Pope.—​The Celibacy of the Clergy.—​Maximilian.—​His Protection of the Protestants.—​The Reformation in France.—​Jeanne d’Albret, Queen of Navarre.—​Proposed Marriage of Henry of Navarre and Marguerite of France.—​Perfidy of Catharine de Medici.—​The Nuptials.—​The Massacre of St. Bartholomew.—​Details of its Horrors.—​Indignation of Protestant Europe.—​Death of Charles IX.
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE CHURCH IN MODERN TIMES.
Character of Henry III.—​Assassination of the Duke of Guise.—​Cruel Edicts of Louis XIV.—​Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.—​Sufferings of Protestants.—​Important Question.—​Thomas Chalmers.—​Experiment at St. John.—​His Labors and Death.—​Jonathan Edwards.—​His Resolutions.—​His Marriage.—​His Trials.—​His Death.—​John Wesley.—​His Conversion.—​George Whitefield.—​First Methodist Conference.—​Death of Wesley.—​Robert Hall.—​His Character and Death.—​William Paley.—​His Works and Death.—​The Sabbath.—​Power of the Gospel.—​Socrates.—​Scene on the Prairie.—​The Bible.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, AND MAPS.
♦ PORTRAIT OF THE AUTHOR.
♦ LIKENESS OF JESUS.
♦ THE LAST SUPPER.
♦ VISION OF THE CROSS (CONSTANTINE).
♦ REFORMERS OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
♦ EMINENT CLERGY OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
♦ MAP OF PALESTINE.
♦ MAP OF TRAVELS OF ST. PAUL.
HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY.
CHAPTER I.THE BIRTH, CHILDHOOD, AND EARLY MINISTRY, OF JESUS.
The Roman Empire.—​Moral Influence of Jesus.—​John.—​The Annunciation.—​The Birth of Jesus.—​Visit of the Magi.—​Wrath of Herod.—​Flight to Egypt.—​Return to Nazareth.—​Jesus in the Temple.—​John the Baptist.—​The Temptation.—​The First Disciples.—​The First Miracle.—​Visit to Jerusalem.—​Nicodemus.—​The Woman of Samaria.—​Healing of the Nobleman’s Son.—​Visit to Capernaum.—​Peter and Andrew called.—​James and John called.—​The Demoniac healed.—​Tour through Galilee.
NO one now takes much interest in the history of the world before the coming of Christ. The old dynasties of Babylon, Media, Assyria, are but dim spectres lost in the remoteness of the long-forgotten past. Though the Christian lingers with solemn pleasure over the faintly-revealed scenes of patriarchal life, still he feels but little personal interest in the gorgeous empires which rise and disappear before him in those remote times, in spectral vision, like the genii of an Arabian tale.
Thebes, Palmyra, Nineveh,—palatial mansions once lined their streets, and pride and opulence thronged their dwellings: but their ruins have faded away, their rocky sepulchres are swept clean by the winds of centuries; and none but a few antiquarians now care to know of their prosperity or adversity, of their pristine grandeur or their present decay.
All this is changed since the coming of Christ. Eighteen centuries ago a babe was born in the stable of an inn, in the Roman province of Judæa. The life of that babe has stamped a new impress upon the history of the world. When the child Jesus was born, all the then known nations of the earth were in subjection to one government,—that of Rome.
The Atlantic Ocean was an unexplored sea, whose depths no mariner ever ventured to penetrate. The Indies had but a shadowy and almost fabulous existence. Rumor said, that over the wild, unexplored wastes of interior Asia, fierce tribes wandered, sweeping to and fro, like demons of darkness; and marvellous stories were told of their monstrous aspect and fiendlike ferocity.
The Mediterranean Sea, then the largest body of water really known upon the globe, was but a Roman lake. It was the central portion of the Roman Empire. Around its shores were clustered the thronged provinces and the majestic cities which gave Rome celebrity above all previous dynasties, and which invested the empire of the Cæsars with fame that no modern kingdom, empire, or republic, has been able to eclipse.
A few years before the birth of Christ, Julius Cæsar perished in the senate-chamber at Rome, pierced by the daggers of Brutus and other assassins. At the great victory of Pharsalia, Cæsar had struck down his only rival Pompey, and had concentrated the power of the world in his single hand. His nephew Octavius, the second Cæsar, surnamed Augustus, or the August, was, at the time Jesus was born, the monarch of the world. Notwithstanding a few nominal restraints, he was an absolute sovereign, without any constitutional checks. It is not too much to say, that his power was unlimited. He could do what he pleased with the property, the liberty, and the lives of every man, woman, and child of more than three hundred millions composing the Roman Empire. Such power no mortal had ever swayed before. Such power no mortal will ever sway again.
Fortunately for humanity, Octavius Cæsar was, in the main, a good man. He merited the epithet of August. Though many of the vices of paganism soiled his character, still, in accordance with the dim light of those dark days, he endeavored to wield his immense power in promotion of the welfare of his people.
Little did this Roman emperor imagine, as he sat enthroned in his gorgeous palace upon the Capitoline Hill, that a babe slumbering in a manger at Bethlehem, an obscure hamlet in the remote province of Syria, and whose infant wailings perhaps blended with the bleating of the goat or the lowing of the kine, was to establish an empire, before which all the power of the Cæsars was to dwindle into insignificance.
But so it was. Jesus, the babe of Bethlehem, has become, beyond all others, whether philosophers, warriors, or kings, the most conspicuous being who ever trod this globe. Before the name of Jesus of Nazareth all others fade away. Uneducated, he has introduced principles which have overthrown the proudest systems of ancient philosophy. By the utterance of a few words, all of which can be written on half a dozen pages, he has demolished all the pagan systems which pride and passion and power had then enthroned. The Roman gods and goddesses—Jupiter, Juno, Venus, Bacchus, Diana—have fled before the approach of the religion of Jesus, as fabled spectres vanish before the dawn.
Jesus, the “Son of man” and the “Son of God,” has introduced a system of religion so comprehensive, that it is adapted to every conceivable situation in life; so simple, that the most unlearned, and even children, can comprehend it.
This babe of Bethlehem, whose words were so few, whose brief life was so soon ended, and whose sacrificial death upon the cross was so wonderful, though dead, still lives and reigns in this world,—a monarch more influential than any other, or all other sovereigns upon the globe. His empire has advanced majestically, with ever-increasing power, down the path of eighteen centuries; and few will doubt that it is destined to take possession of the whole world.
The Cæsars have perished, and their palaces are in ruins. The empire of Charlemagne has risen, like one of those gorgeous clouds we often admire, brilliant with the radiance of the setting sun; and, like that cloud, it has vanished forever. Charles V. has marshalled the armies of Europe around his throne, and has almost rivalled the Cæsars in the majesty of his sway; and, like a dream, the vision of his universal empire has fled.
But the kingdom of Jesus has survived all these wrecks of empires. Without a palace or a court, without a bayonet or a sabre, without any emoluments of rank or wealth or power offered by Jesus to his subjects, his kingdom has advanced steadily, resistlessly, increasing in strength every hour, crushing all opposition, triumphing over all time’s changes; so that, at the present moment, the kingdom of Jesus is a stronger kingdom, more potent in all the elements of influence over the human heart, than all the other governments of the earth.
There is not a man upon this globe who would now lay down his life from love for any one of the numerous monarchs of Rome; but there are millions who would go joyfully to the dungeon or the stake from love for that Jesus who commenced his earthly career in the manger of a country inn, whose whole life was but a scene of poverty and suffering, and who finally perished upon the cross in the endurance of a cruel death with malefactors.
As this child, from the period of whose birth time itself is now dated, was passing through the season of infancy and childhood, naval fleets swept the Mediterranean Sea, and Roman legions trampled bloodily over subjugated provinces. There were conflagrations of cities, ravages of fields, fierce battles, slaughter, misery, death. Nearly all these events are now forgotten; but the name of Jesus of Nazareth grows more lustrous as the ages roll on.
The events which preceded the birth of Jesus cannot be better described than in the language of the inspired writers:—
“There was in the days of Herod, the king of Judæa, a certain priest named Zacharias, of the course of Abia; and his wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elisabeth. And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the
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