All About Coffee by William H. Ukers (best new books to read .TXT) π
CHAPTER II
HISTORY OF COFFEE PROPAGATION
A brief account of the cultivation of the coffee plant in the Old World, and of its introduction into the New--A romantic coffee adventure Page 5
CHAPTER III
EARLY HISTORY OF COFFEE DRINKING
Coffee in the Near East in the early centuries--Stories of its origin--Discovery by physicians and adoption by the Church--Its spread through Arabia, Persia, and Turkey--Persecutions and Intolerances--Early coffee manners and customs Page 11
CHAPTER IV
INTRODUCTION OF COFFEE INTO WESTERN EUROPE
When the three great temperance beverages, cocoa, tea, and coffee, came to Europe--Coffee first mentioned by Rauwolf in 1582--Early days of coffee in Italy--How Pope Clement VIII baptized it and made it a truly Christian beverage--The first Europe
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Coffee Exports from Venezuela Exported to 1906
Pounds 1913
Pounds 1920
Pounds United States 35,704,398 45,570,268 43,670,191 France 21,748,370 46,413,174 4,647,978 Germany 5,270,814 32,203,972 546,363 Aus.-Hungary 289,851 3,015,723 Spain 3,133,012 7,372,839 15,210,756 Netherlands 28,549,920 2,903,806 1,836,209 Italy 315,293 2,805,948 719,850 Great Britain 404,720 98,796 1,518,175 Other countries 2,663,507 1,631,143 5,577,110 βββββ βββββ βββββ Total 98,079,885 142,015,669 73,726,632
COMMERCIAL COFFEE CHART The World's Leading Growths, with Market Names and General Trade Characteristics Grand Division Country Principal Shipping
Ports Best Known
Market Names Trade Characteristics North America Mexico Vera Cruz Coatepec
Huatusco
Orizaba Greenish to yellow
bean; mild flavor. Central America Guatemala Puerto Barrios CobΓ‘n
Antigua Waxy, bluish bean;
mellow flavor. Salvador La Libertad Santa Ana
Santa Tecla Smooth, green bean;
neutral flavor. Costa Rica Puerto Limon Costa Ricas Blue-greenish bean;
mild flavor. West Indies Haiti Cape Haitien Haiti Blue bean; rich, fairly
acid; sweet flavor. Santo Domingo Santo Domingo Santo Domingo Flat, greenish-yellow
bean; strong flavor. Jamaica Kingston Blue Mountain Bluish-green bean;
rich, full flavor. Porto Rico Ponce Porto Ricans Gray-blue bean;
strong, heavy flavor. South America Colombia Savanilla Medellin
Manizales, Bogota
Bucaramanga Greenish-yellow bean;
rich, mellow flavor. Venezuela La Guaira
Maracaibo Merida
Cucuta
Caracas Greenish-yellow bean;
mild, mellow flavor. Brazil Santos Santos Small bean; mild flavor. Rio de Janeiro Rio Large bean; strong cup. Asia Arabia Aden Mocha Small, short, green
to yellow bean;
unique, mild flavor. India Madras
Calicut Mysore
Coorg (Kurg) Small to large,
blue-green bean;
strong flavor. East India Islands Malay States Penang (Geo't'n)
Singapore Straits
Liberian, Robusta Liberian and Robusta
growths from Malaysia. Sumatra Padang Mandheling
Ankola
Ayer Bangies Large, yellow to
brown bean; heavy
body; exquisite flavor. Java Batavia Preanger
Cheribon, Kroe Small, blue to yellow
bean; light in cup. Celebes Menado
Macassar Minahassa Large, yellow bean;
aromatic cup. Africa Abyssinia Jibuti Harar
Abyssinia Large, blue to yellow
bean; very like Mocha. Pacific Islands Hawaiian
Islands Honolulu Kona
Puna Large, blue, flinty
bean; mildly acid. Philippines Manila Manila Yellow and brown large
bean; mild cup.
Colombia. Colombian statistics of foreign trade are issued very irregularly, and no figures are available to afford comparison between pre-war and post-war trade. The figures below, however, will show the comparative amounts of coffee going to the chief buying countries at different periods. From these it will be seen that the countries mainly interested in the trade in Colombian coffee are those prominent in the trade in other tropical American sections. England, France, Germany, and the United States took the great bulk of the exports. A consular report written after the outbreak of the war says:
Prior to the war the United States took about seventy percent of Colombia's coffee crop; the remainder being about equally divided between England, France, and Germany, with England taking the largest share.
Coffee Exports from Colombia[A]
(From Barranquilla only) Exported to 1899
Pounds 1905
Pounds 1916
Pounds Great Britain 22,573,828 7,268,429 442,026 France 6,873,722 496,120 1,685,454 Germany 9,348,028 8,568,131 βββ United States 17,991,500 43,518,704 134,292,858 Other countries βββ 7,396,385 23,753,678 βββββ βββββ ββββββ Total 56,787,078 67,247,769 160,174,016
[A] These figures are taken from a consular report, which gave statistics only for the port of Barranquilla and did not include the total shipments from that port. Shipments from Cartagena, the only other exporting port of any consequence, amounted to 7,836,505 pounds, destination not stated. The Barranquilla figures, in the absence of official statistics, can be taken as fairly representative of the total trade so far as destination is concerned. They are for fiscal years, ending June 30.
"Other countries" in 1916 included Italy, 1,135,137 pounds; Venezuela, 20,564,321 pounds; Dutch West Indies, 400,132 pounds.
Central America. The three largest producing countries of Central America, Guatemala, Salvador, and Costa Rica, were all closely linked to Germany by the coffee trade before the war. German capital was heavily invested in coffee plantations; German houses had branches in the principal cities; and German ships regularly served the chief ports. Accordingly, when the blockade became effective, these countries were placed in a difficult position. But fortunately for them, a special effort had been made shortly before by Pacific-coast interests in the United States to divert a part of the coffee trade to San Francisco[313] The market to the east being shut off, these countries turned naturally to the north. This trade with the United States has apparently been firmly established, and there has not yet been much of a return to German ports.
Guatemala. Of the three countries named, Guatemala was the most heavily involved in German trade. In 1913 she sent to Germany 53,000,000 pounds of coffee, a fifth more than in 1900. Her shipments of more than 10,000,000 pounds to the United Kingdom were about the same as at the beginning of the century. The war turned both these currents into United States ports, and they continued to flow in that direction through 1920. The figures follow:
Coffee Exports from Guatemala Exported to 1900
Pounds 1913
Pounds 1920
Pounds Germany 44,416,064 53,232,910 452,206 United States 14,057,120 21,188,444 78,226,508 United Kingdom 11,467,680 10,666,604 2,341,217 Other countries 3,041,584 6,641,936 13,185,638 βββββ βββββ βββββ Total 72,982,448 91,729,894 94,205,569
"Other countries" in 1913 included Austria-Hungary, 4,205,400 pounds; Netherlands, 407,900 pounds. In 1920, they included Netherlands, 10,355,625 pounds; Sweden, 422,421 pounds; Norway, 57,408 pounds; Spain, 97,519 pounds; France, 27,956 pounds.
Salvador. Salvador is one of the countries in which the publication of foreign-trade statistics has been irregular in the past, and none is available to show the full trade in coffee at the beginning of the century. A consular report gives figures for the first half of 1900. The most recent statistics show that the United States still holds much of the trade gained during the war, although Salvador is sending to Scandinavian countries many millions of pounds of her coffee that came to the United States in war-time.
Coffee Exports from Salvador Exported to 1900 (1st 6 mos.)
Pounds 1913
Pounds 1920
Pounds United States 6,700,101 10,779,655 46,262,256 France 22,948,712 15,955,920 6,686,714 Germany 6,607,892 12,120,133 813,166 Great Britain 4,396,465 3,415,187 4,226,061 Italy 4,322,003 9,538,976 βββ Aus.-Hungary 1,335,626 3,557,482 βββ Belgium 210,834 5,508 3,104 Spain 24,799 377,729 364,296 Other countries 3,920 7,193,107 24,509,071 βββββ βββββ βββββ Total 46,550,352 62,943,697 82,864,668
"Other countries" in 1913 included Norway, 2,070,220 pounds; Sweden, 2,238,332 pounds; Netherlands, 738,694 pounds; Chile, 609,441 pounds; Russia, 95,625 pounds; Denmark, 140,665 pounds. In 1920, they included Norway, 10,726,375 pounds; Chile, 1,772,346 pounds; Netherlands, 1,071,614 pounds; Sweden, 9,635,947 pounds; Denmark, 1,061,772 pounds.
Laborers Bringing in the Day's Pickings, Near Bogota, Colombia Laborers Bringing in the Day's Pickings, Near Bogota, Colombia
MILD-COFFEE CULTURE AND PREPARATION
Costa Rica. English, French, and German capital was heavily invested in Costa Rica before the war, and all three nations were interested in the coffee trade. For many years England had maintained the lead as a coffee customer, and shipments continued in large volume after the war. The following figures are for the crop year ending September 30:
Coffee Exports from Costa Rica Exported to 1903
Pounds 1913
Pounds 1921
Pounds United States 6,388,236 1,625,866 14,137,605 Great Britain 27,756,661 23,464,827 13,418,527 France 1,241,816 741,548 313,538 Germany 2,676,841 2,581,055 376,649 Other countries 147,925 288,521 1,155,066 βββββ βββββ βββββ Total 38,211,479 28,701,817 29,401,385
In 1900 total shipments were 35,496,055 pounds, of which 20,587,712 pounds went to Great Britain; 8,874,014 pounds to the United States; and 3,904,566 pounds to Germany.
"Other countries" in 1903 included Spain, 49,189 pounds; Italy, 4,104 pounds. In 1921, they included Netherlands, 837,496 pounds; Spain, 308,308 pounds; Chile, 9,259 pounds.
Mexico. Mexico has naturally sent most of her coffee across the border into the United States, and she continued to do so during and after the war. But she had worked up a very important trade with Europe, chiefly with Germany; and German capital, and German planters and merchants were prominent in the industry. France and England also were interested in the trade, and purchased annually several million pounds. During the war, as shown by the exports in its final year, this trade almost entirely ceased, and the United States and Spain remained as the only consumers of Mexican coffee. Details of the after-war trade are not yet available in published statistics. In the following table, 1900 and 1918 are calendar years, and 1913 is a fiscal year.
Coffee Exports from Mexico Exported to 1900
Pounds 1913
Pounds 1918
Pounds United States 28,882,954 28,012,655 23,816,044 Germany 10,074,001 10,461,382 βββ Aus.-Hungary 163,934 30,864 βββ Belgium 25,855 39,722 βββ Spain 546,132 184,941 6,184,494 France 3,927,294 4,482,011 βββ Netherlands 220,607 46,296 βββ Great Britain 3,848,605 2,170,669 βββ Cuba 467,201 37,921 171,527 Italy 157,653 347,758 βββ Other countries βββ 655,073 βββ βββββ βββββ βββββ Total 48,314,236 46,469,292 30,172,065
In 1913 "other countries" included Panama, 342,131 pounds; Canada, 276,567 pounds; Sweden, 3,079 pounds; British Honduras, 33,179 pounds; Denmark, 112 pounds.
Jamaica. The French, more than any other peoples in Europe, have cultivated a taste for coffee from the West Indies; and France normally has led all other countries in shipments from the larger producing islands, including Jamaica, although the island is a British possession. In the year before the war, France bought nearly 4,000,000 pounds of Jamaican coffee, more than half the total production. In the year 1900β01 also she took about 4,000,000 pounds, leading all other countries. This trade was very much cut down during the war, but was not wiped out. As shown in the figures for 1918, England largely took the place of France in that year, and Canada increased her purchases several hundred percent.
Coffee Exports from Jamaica Exported to 1901 (fis. yr.)
Pounds 1913
Pounds 1918
Pounds Great Britain 1,849,456 671,440 6,919,808 Canada 109,536 263,872 1,819,328 United States 2,976,512 802,032 643,888 France 3,958,304 3,743,264 729,120 Aus.-Hungary 104,272 303,296 βββ Cuba 114,800 βββ βββ Barbados βββ 226,464 26,992 Other countries 508,704 507,248 97,440 ββββ ββββ βββββ Total 9,621,584 6,517,616 10,236,576
"Other countries" in 1901 included British West Indies, 316,512 pounds. In 1913, they included Netherlands, 125,216 pounds; Norway, 28,896 pounds; Sweden, 70,224 pounds; Italy, 46,592 pounds; Australia, 71,456 pounds.
Haiti. Prior to the taking over of the administration of the customs of Haiti by the United States, detailed statistics of the exports are almost wholly lacking. France took most of the annual production, continuing a trade that dated back to old colonial times. An American consular report says:
Before the war there was no market for Haitian coffee in the United States, practically the entire crop going to Europe, with France as the largest consumer. However, there has been for some time past a determined effort made to create a demand in the United States, and this is said to be meeting with ever-increasing success.
The actual success achieved can be measured by the following figures for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1920:
Coffee Exports from Haiti Exported to Pounds United States 27,647,077 France 23,921,083 Great Britain 39,583 Other countries 10,362,351 βββββ Total 61,970,094
These figures do not include 6,322,167 pounds of coffee triage, or waste, of which the United States took 2,028,352 pounds; France, 1,491,507 pounds.
Dominican Republic. The comparatively small production of the Dominican Republic was divided among the United States and three or four European countries before the war. Since the war the exports have been scattered among the former customers in varying amounts. Germany is again a buyer, although her purchases have not come back to anything like the pre-war level.
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