Higher Lessons in English by Alonzo Reed and Brainerd Kellogg (popular books to read TXT) 📕

clear sentences you can convert these by transposing the phrases_:—

1. He went over the mountains on a certain day in early boyhood. 2. Ticonderoga was taken from the British by Ethan Allen on the tenth of May in 1775.

 

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LESSON 19.

COMPOSITION—PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES.

+Direction+.—_Rewrite these sentences, changing the italicized words into equivalent phrases_:—

+Model+.—The sentence was carefully written. The sentence was written with care.

1. A brazen image was then set up. 2. Those homeless children were kindly treated. 3. Much has been said about the Swiss scenery. 4. An aerial trip to Europe was rashly planned. 5. The American Continent was probably discovered by Cabot.

+Direction+.—_Change these adjectives and adverbs into equivalent phrases; and then, attending carefully to the punctuation, use these phrases in sentences of your own_:—

1. Bostonian 2. why 3. incautiously 4. nowhere 5. there 6. hence 7. northerly 8. national 9. whence 10. here 11. Arabian 12. lengthy 13. historical 14. lucidly 15. earthward

+Direction+.—_Compose sentences, using these phrases as modifiers_:—

Of copper; in Pennsylvania; from the West Indies; around the world; between the tropics; toward the Pacific; on the 22d of February; during the reign of Elizabeth; before the application of steam to machinery; at the Centennial Exposition of 1876.

 

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LESSON 20.

COMPOUND SUBJECT AND COMPOUND PREDICATE.

CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS.

+Introductory Hints.+—_Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth reigned in England._ The three words Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth have the same predicate—the same act being asserted of the king and the two queens. Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth are connected by and, and being understood between Edward and Mary. Connected subjects having the same predicate form a +Compound Subject+.

Charles I. was seized, was tried, and was beheaded. The three predicates was seized, was tried, and was beheaded have the same subject—the three acts being asserted of the same king. Connected predicates having the same subject form a +Compound Predicate.+

A sentence may have both a compound subject and a compound predicate; as, Mary and Elizabeth lived and reigned in England.

The words connecting the parts of a compound subject or of a compound predicate are called +Conjunctions+ (Lat. con, or cum, together, and jungere, to join).

A conjunction may connect other parts of the sentence, as two word modifiers—A dark and rainy night follows; Some men sin deliberately and presumptuously.

It may connect two phrases; as, The equinox occurs in March and in September.

It may connect two clauses, that is, expressions that, standing alone, would be sentences; as, The leaves of the pine fall in spring, but the leaves of the maple drop in autumn.

+Interjections+ (Lat. inter, between, and jacere, to throw) are the eighth and last part of speech.

Oh! ah! pooh! pshaw! etc., express bursts of feeling too sudden and violent for deliberate sentences.

Hail! fudge! indeed! amen! etc., express condensed thought as well as feeling.

Any part of speech may be wrenched from its construction with other words, and may lapse into an interjection; as, behold! shame! what!

Professor Sweet calls interjections sentence-words.

 

Two or more connected subjects having the same predicate form a +Compound Subject+.

Two or more connected predicates having the same subject form a +Compound Predicate+.

+DEFINITION.—A Conjunction is a word used to connect words, phrases, or clauses.+

+DEFINITION.—An Interjection is a word used to express strong or sudden feeling.+

Analysis and Parsing.

1. Ah! anxious wives, sisters, and mothers wait for the news.

Ah

–-

wives ======== ‘ ‘ | wait sisters ‘x =====|=========== ========’ anxious for ‘and/ ‘ ews mothers ‘ –— ========’/ the

+Explanation+.—The three short horizontal lines represent each a part of the compound subject. They are connected by dotted lines, which stand for the connecting word. The x shows that a conjunction is understood. The line standing for the word modifier is joined to that part of the subject line which represents the entire subject. Turn this diagram about, and the connected horizontal lines will stand for the parts of a compound predicate.

+Oral Analysis+.–_Wives, sisters_, and mothers form the compound subject; anxious is a modifier of the compound subject; and connects sisters and mothers.

+Parsing+.—And is a conjunction connecting sisters and mothers; ah is an interjection, expressing a sudden burst of feeling.

2. In a letter we may advise, exhort, comfort, request, and discuss.

(For diagram see the last sentence of the “Explanation” above.)

3. The mental, moral, and muscular powers are improved by use.

powers came

================= =========

The X and and of ....…. .…… parentage muscular -–––- moral from mental land -––—

4. The hero of the Book of Job came from a strange land and of a strange parentage. 5. The optic nerve passes from the brain to the back of the eyeball, and there spreads out. 6. Between the mind of man and the outer world are interposed the nerves of the human body. 7. All forms of the lever and all the principal kinds of hinges are found in the body. 8. By perfection is meant the full and harmonious development of all the faculties. 9. Ugh! I look forward with dread to to-morrow. 10. From the Mount of Olives, the Dead Sea, dark and misty and solemn, is seen. 11. Tush! tush! ‘t will not again appear. 12. A sort of gunpowder was used at an early period in China and in other parts of Asia. 13. Some men sin deliberately and presumptuously. 14. Feudalism did not and could not exist before the tenth century. 15. The opinions of the New York press are quoted in every port and in every capital. 16. Both friend and foe applauded.

friend ––––––- ‘ ‘ | applauded ‘and…. Both >===|===========

‘ /

foe ‘ /

––—’–––-/

+Explanation+.—The conjunction both is used to strengthen the real connective and. Either and neither do the same for or and nor in either—or, neither—nor.

+Remark.+—A phrase that contains another phrase as a modifier is called a +Complex Phrase+. Two or more phrases connected by a conjunction form a +Compound Phrase+.

+Direction.+—_Pick out the simple, the complex, and the compound phrases in the sentences above._

 

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LESSON 21.

COMPOSITION–CONNECTED TERMS AND INTERJECTIONS.

+COMMA—RULE.—Words or phrases connected by conjunctions are separated from each other by the comma unless all the conjunctions are expressed.+

+Remark+.—When words and phrases stand in pairs, the pairs are separated according to the Rule, but the words of each pair are not.

When one of two terms has a modifier that without the comma might be referred to both, or, when the parts of compound predicates and of other phrases are long or differently modified, these terms or parts are separated by the comma though no conjunction is omitted.

When two terms connected by or have the same meaning, the second is logically explanatory of the first, and is set off by the comma, i. e., when it occurs in the body of a sentence, a comma is placed after the explanatory word, as well as before the or.

+Direction.+—_Justify the punctuation of these sentences:_—

1. Long, pious pilgrimages are made to Mecca. 2. Empires rise, flourish, and decay. 3. Cotton is raised in Egypt, in India, and in the United States. 4. The brain is protected by the skull, or cranium. 5. Nature and art and science were laid under tribute. 6. The room was furnished with a table, and a chair without legs. 7. The old oaken bucket hangs in the well.

+Explanation.+—No comma here, for no conjunction is omitted. Oaken limits bucket, old limits bucket modified by oaken, and the limits bucket modified by old and oaken. See Lesson 13.

8. A Christian spirit should be shown to Jew or Greek, male or female, friend or foe. 9. We climbed up a mountain for a view.

+Explanation+.—No comma. Up a mountain tells where we climbed, and for a view tells why we climbed up a mountain.

10. The boy hurries away from home, and enters upon a career of business or of pleasure. 11. The long procession was closed by the great dignitaries of the realm, and the brothers and sons of the king.

+Direction+.—_Punctuate such of these sentences as need punctuation, and give your reasons_:—

1. Men and women and children stare cry out and run. 2. Bright healthful and vigorous poetry was written by Milton. 3. Few honest industrious men fail of success in life.

(Where is the conjunction omitted?)

4. Ireland or the Emerald Isle lies to the west of England. 5. That relates to the names of animals or of things without sex. 6. The Hebrew is closely allied to the Arabic the Phoenician the Syriac and the Chaldee. 7. We sailed down the river and along the coast and into a little inlet. 8. The horses and the cattle were fastened in the same stables and were fed with abundance of hay and grain. 9. Spring and summer autumn and winter rush by in quick succession. 10. A few dilapidated old buildings still stand in the deserted village.

+EXCLAMATION POINT—RULE.—All Exclamatory Expressions must be followed by the exclamation point.+

+Remark+.—Sometimes an interjection alone and sometimes an interjection and the words following it form the exclamatory expression; as, Oh! it hurts. Oh, the beautiful snow!

O is used in direct address; as, O father, listen to me. Oh is used as a cry of pain, surprise, delight, fear, or appeal. This distinction, however desirable, is not strictly observed, O being frequently used in place of Oh.

+CAPITAL LETTERS—RULE.—The words I and O should be written in capital letters.+

+Direction.+—_Correct these violations of the two rules given above:_—

1. o noble judge o excellent young man. 2. Out of the depths have i cried unto thee. 3. Hurrah the field is won. 4. Pshaw how foolish. 5. Oh oh oh i shall be killed. 6. o life how uncertain o death how inevitable.

 

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LESSON 22.

ANALYSIS AND PARSING.

+Direction+.—_Beginning with the 8th sentence of the first group of exercises in Lesson_ 21, analyze thirteen sentences, omitting the 4_th of the second group._

+Model+.—_A Christian spirit should be shown to Jew or Greek, male or female, friend or foe._

spirit |should be shown Jew ===============|================ __‘––— A Christian | ‘ ' Greek ‘ -––- ‘ o x ‘ male -- ‘_/’––— ‘ ' female x ‘ -––- ‘ ‘ friend __‘––– ' foe -––—

 

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LESSON 23.

COMPOSITION—CONNECTED TERMS.

Direction.+—_Using the nouns below, compose sentences with compound subjects; compose others in which the verbs shall form compound predicates; and others in which the adjectives, the adverbs, and the phrases shall form compound modifiers:_—

In some let there be three or more connected terms. Observe Rule, Lesson 21, for punctuation. Let your sentences mean something.

NOUNS.

Washington, beauty, grace, Jefferson, symmetry, lightning, Lincoln, electricity, copper, silver, flowers, gold, rose, lily.

VERBS.

Examine, sing, pull, push, report, shout, love, hate, like, scream, loathe, approve, fear, obey, refine, hop, elevate, skip, disapprove.

ADJECTIVES.

+Direction.+—_See Caution, Lesson_ 13.

Bright, acute, patient, careful, apt, forcible, simple, homely, happy, short, pithy, deep, jolly, mercurial, precipitous.

ADVERBS.

+Direction.+—_See Caution, Lesson 15._ Neatly, slowly, carefully, sadly, now, here,