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56. Adams Hill, in Louis Starr, Bohemian Brigade: Civil War Newsmen in Action (New York: Knopf, 1954), 152.

57. “General M. C. Meigs on the Conduct of the Civil War,” 294.

58. Lee to Davis, June 5, 1862, and to Jackson, July 27, 1862, in Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee, 183–84, 239; Joseph L. Harsh , Confederate Tide Rising: Robert E. Lee and the Making of Southern Strategy, 1861–1862 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1998), 54–60.

59. Pope, “The Second Battle of Bull Run,” Battles and Leaders, 2:489–90.

60. Stephen W. Sears, “Last Words on the Lost Order,” in Controversies and Commanders: Dispatches from the Army of the Potomac (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), 114–15.

61. James V. Murfin, The Gleam of Bayonets: The Battle of Antietam and Robert E. Lee’s Maryland Campaign, September 1862 (New York: T. Yusoloff, 1965), 298, 303–4, 374–77.

62. “McClellan Relieved,” November 5, 1862, in War of the Rebellion, 19(11):545; Amos M. Judson, History of the Eighty-Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers (Dayton, OH: Morningside Bookshop, 1986 [1865]), 98.

63. Lincoln, “Emancipation Proclamation,” in Collected Works, 6:29.

64. Lincoln, “Annual Message to Congress,” December 1, 1862, in Collected Works, 5:537.

65. Francis B. Carpenter, Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln: The Story of a Picture (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1866), 90.

66. Lincoln, “Speech at Springfield, Illinois,” June 26, 1857, and “First Debate with Stephen A. Douglas,” August 21, 1858, in Collected Works, 2:404, 3:16.

67. Lincoln, “To Horace Greeley,” August 22, 1861, in Collected Works 5:388.

68. Hofstadter, “Abraham Lincoln and the Self-Made Myth,” in The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It (New York: Knopf, 1973 [1948]), 131.

69. Joseph Gillespie to W. H. Herndon, January 31, 1866, in Herndon’s Informants, 183, 197.

70. Lincoln, “Speech at Peoria, Illinois,” October 16, 1854, and “Speech to One Hundred Fortieth Indiana Regiment,” March 17, 1865, in Collected Works, 2:271, 8:361; Isaac Newton Arnold, The History of Abraham Lincoln and the Overthrow of Slavery (Chicago: Clarke, 1866), 300, 685–86; Joseph Gillespie to W. H. Herndon, December 8, 1866, in Herndon’s Informants, 507.

71. Lincoln, in Recollected Words, 206, 449.

72. Stevens, “Speech on Republican Aims,” January 25, 1860, in The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens, ed. B. W. Palmer (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997), 1:165; Lovejoy, in Mitchell Snay, “The Emergence of the Republican Party in Illinois,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 22 (Winter 2001): 94–95.

73. Lincoln, “To Horace Greeley,” March 24, 1862, and “To Nathaniel P. Banks,” August 5, 1863, in Collected Works, 5:169, 6:365.

74. Lincoln, “Annual Message to Congress,” December 1, 1862, in Collected Works, 5:530–31, 534; Lincoln, “First Joint Debate,” in The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858, 105; Davis, in Recollected Words, 132, 182.

75. David Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Knopf, 1961), 388; “The Hon. C. Sumner on a War for Emancipation,” The Anti-Slavery Reporter, November 1, 1861, 246.

76. Frémont, “Emancipation Proclamation of General Fremont,” August 31, 1861, and Hunter, “General Orders No. 11,” May 9, 1862, in Political History of the Rebellion, 245–46, 250.

77. “The Contrabands at Fortress Monroe,” Atlantic Monthly 8 (November 1861): 626–27; Robert F. Engs, Freedom’s First Generation: Black Hampton, Virginia, 1861–1890 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), 18–22; Adam Goodheart, 1861: The Civil War Awakening (New York: Knopf, 2011), 296–338.

78. Henry Halleck, International Law; or, Rules Regulating the Intercourse of States in Peace and War (San Francisco: H. H. Bancroft, 1861), 447.

79. Trumbull, “Army Appropriations Bill,” July 15, 1861, Congressional Globe, 37th Congress, 1st Session, 120; “The Last of Congress,” New York Times, August 7, 1861.

80. Henry Wilson, History of the Antislavery Measures of the Thirty-Seventh and Thirty-Eighth United-States Congresses, 1861–1864 (Boston: Walker, Wise, 1864), 4–5; J. W. Schuckers, The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase (New York: D. Appleton, 1874), 428; Cook, William Pitt Fessenden, 146.

81. “The Emancipation Act,” Washington Sunday Morning Chronicle, April 26, 1862; Edward Everett Hale, memorandum of conversation with Sumner, April 26, 1862, in “The War,” Memories of a Hundred Years (New York: Macmillan, 1903), 2:191–92; Moncure Conway, in Recollected Words, 119.

82. “Joint Resolution Declaring That the United States Ought to Cooperate with, Affording Pecuniary Aid to Any State Which May Adopt the Gradual Abolishment of Slavery,” April 10, 1862, in The Statutes at Large Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America from December 5, 1859 to March 3, 1863, ed. George Sanger (Boston: Little and Brown, 1863), 617.

83. J. W. Crisfield, in Conversations with Lincoln, ed. Charles M. Segal (New York: Putnam, 1961), 165–68; Wilson, History of the Anti-Slavery Measures, 81–85.

84. Lincoln, “Appeal to Border State Representatives,” July 12, 1862, in Collected Works, 5:318–19.

85. Welles, diary entry for July 13, 1862, in Diary of Gideon Welles, 1:70; Welles, “The History of Emancipation,” in Civil War and Reconstruction: Selected Essays by Gideon Welles, ed. Albert Mordell (New York: Twayne, 1959), 237; Carpenter, Six Months at the White House, 21.

86. Frederick Douglass, “Farewell Speech to the British People,” March 30, 1847, in Selected Speeches and Writings, ed. P. S. Foner and Y. Taylor (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1999), 58; Willie Lee Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), 12.

87. “City Items,” Christian Recorder, January 10, 1863; Douglass, “Emancipation Proclaimed,” “Rejoicing over the Proclamation,” in Douglass’ Monthly, January 1863 and February 1863.

88. Douglass, “January First 1863,” in Douglass’ Monthly, October 1862; “The Emancipation Proclamation,” Philadelphia Inquirer, January 2, 1863. See also Boston Evening Transcript, January 2, 1863; Boston Daily Advertiser, January 2 and 3, 1863; and Philadelphia Daily North American, January 2 and 5, 1863.

89. Grosvenor, “The Rights of the Nation and the Duty of Congress,” New Englander 24 (October 1865): 757; “Nemesis,” in The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, ed. Foner, 3:99.

90. Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War, 138–40.

91. Gary Gallagher, “The A’Vache Tragedy,” Civil War Times Illustrated 18 (February 1980): 5–10; John Hay, diary entry for July 1, 1864, in Inside Lincoln’s White House, 217; Eaton, Grant, Lincoln and the Freed-men: Reminiscences of the Civil War (New York: Longmans, Green, 1907), 91–92.

92. Douglass, Life and