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Marmodoro and D. Yates (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 235–62, http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.0132. On reality made up of structures, see, for example, Steven French and James Ladyman, “Remodeling Structural Realism: Quantum Physics and the Metaphysics of Structure,” Synthese 136 (2003), 31–56; Steven French, The Structure of the World: Metaphysics and Representation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).

109. Laura Candiotto, “The Reality of Relations,” Giornale di Metafisica 2 (2017), 537–51, philsci-archive.pitt.edu/14165/.

110. Mauro Dorato, “Bohr Meets Rovelli: A Dispositionalist Account of the Quantum Limits of Knowledge,” Quantum Studies: Mathematics and Foundations 7 (2020), 133–45, https:// doi.org/10.1007/s40509-020-00220-y.

111. Juan J. Colomina-Almiñana, Formal Approach to the Metaphysics of Perspectives: Points of View as Access (Heidelberg: Springer, 2018); Antti E. Hautamäki, Viewpoint Relativism: A New Approach to Epistemological Relativism Based on the Concept of Points of View (Berlin: Springer, 2020).

112. On structural realism, see: Steven French and James Ladyman, “In Defence of Ontic Structural Realism,” in Scientific Structuralism, ed. A. Bokulich and P. Bokulich (Dordrecht: Springer, 2011), 25–42; James Ladyman et al., Everything Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalized (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). Also see James Ladyman, “The Foundations of Structuralism and the Metaphysics of Relations,” in The Metaphysics of Relations, ed. A. Marmodoro and D. Yates (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 177–97.

113. Bitbol, De l’intérieur du monde.

114. Laura Candiotto and Giacomo Pezzano, Filosofia delle relazioni (Genoa: Il Nuovo Melangolo, 2019).

115. Plato, Sophist, 247d–e.

116. Carlo Rovelli, The Order of Time, trans. Erica Segre and Simon Carnell (London: Allen Lane, 2017).

117. Erik C. Banks, The Realistic Empiricism of Mach, James and Russell: Neutral Monism Reconceived (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014).

118. Nāgārjuna, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, trans. J. L. Garfield, The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way: Nāgārjuna’s “Mūlamadhyamakakārikā” (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).

119. Nāgārjuna, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, XVIII, 7.VI. “FOR NATURE IT IS A PROBLEM ALREADY SOLVED”Simple Matter?

120. Banks, The Realistic Empiricism of Mach, James and Russell, chap. 5.What Does “Meaning” Mean?

121. Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (London: John Murray, 1859).

122. “[There could be] beings for which what happens seems organized for a purpose, when in reality things have been randomly structured and those things that were not adequately organized have perished, as Empedocles says.” Aristotle, Physics, II, 8, 198b29.

123. Aristotle, Physics, II, 8, 198b35.

124. This chapter follows closely my technical article “Meaning and Intentionality = Information + Evolution,” in Anthony Aguirre, Wandering towards a Goal, ed. B. Foster and Z. Merali (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018), 17–27. The example and the idea were inspired by a lecture by David Wolpert titled “Observers as Systems That Acquire Information to Stay Out of Equilibrium,” delivered at the conference “The Physics of the Observer” in Banff, Canada, in 2016.

125. Here in a sense close to the one in which it is used in Martin Heidegger, Sein und Zeit, in Heidegger’s Gesamtausgabe, ed. F.-W. von Herrmann, vol. 2 (Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann, 1977).The World Seen from Within

126. David J. Chalmers, “Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness,” Journal of Consciousness Studies 2 (1995), 200–219.

127. Jenann T. Ismael, The Situated Self (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 2007.

128. Mauro Dorato, “Rovelli’s Relational Quantum Mechanics, Anti-Monism, and Quantum Becoming,” in The Metaphysics of Relations, ed. A. Marmodoro and D. Yates (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 235–62, http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.0132.

129. Thomas Nagel, “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?,” Philosophical Review 83 (1974), 435–50.

130. David Bakhurst, “On Lenin’s Materialism and Empiriocriticism,” Studies in East European Thought 70 (2018), 107–19, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11212-018-9303-7.

131. Thomas Nagel, Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature Is Almost Certainly False (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).VII. BUT IS IT REALLY POSSIBLE?

132. See, for example, Andy Clark, “Whatever Next? Predictive Brains, Situated Agents, and the Future of Cognitive Science,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36 (2013), 181–204.

133. David Rudrauf et al., “A Mathematical Model of Embodied Consciousness,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 428 (2017), 106–31; Kenneth Williford, Daniel Bennequin, Karl Friston and David Rudrauf, “The Projective Consciousness Model and Phenomenal Selfhood,” Frontiers in Psychology 9, article 2571 (2018).

134. Hippolyte Taine, De l’intelligence (Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1870), 13.

135. A. Bogdanov, Empiriomonizm: Stat’i po filosofi (Moscow and St. Petersburg: S. Dorovatovskij and A. Čarušnikov, 1904–06), 28; translated by David Rowley as Empiriomonism: Essays in Philosophy, Books 1–3 (Leiden: Brill, 2019).

136. The relationship between vision and science is developed in the lecture on “Appearance and Physical Reality,” https://lectures.dar.cam.ac.uk/video/100/appearance-and-physical-reality, forthcoming in the collection of Darwin College lectures, Vision (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).

137. Johann W. von Goethe to Kaspar von Sternberg, January 4, 1831, and to Carl Friedrich Zelter, October 24, 1827, in Gedenkausgabe der Werke, Briefe und Gespräche, ed. E. Beutler (Zurich: Artemis, 1951), vol. 21, 767, 958.

Illustration Credits

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5, 6: diagram images © ElenaShow/Shutterstock.com, Abstract man 24/Shutterstock.com

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11, left: Werner Heisenberg, 1924 © 2020 Foto Scala, Firenze/bpk, Bildagentur für Kunst, Kultur und Geschichte, Berlin

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Index

The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.

A

Adams, Douglas, 136

Adler, Friedrich, 119–20

Aguirre, Anthony, Cosmological Koans, 85–86

Albert, David, 135–36

Anaximander, 73, 88

Aristotle, 121, 169–70, 218n103

atom bomb, 16–17

atoms, 5

B

Banks, Eric C., 190–91

Barad, Karen, 199n

Bayes, Thomas, 67

Bell inequalities, 92

Bertalanffy, Ludwig von, 132–33

Besso, Michele, 15

Bitbol, Michel, 142–43, 144

blood transfusion, 133–34

Bogdanov, Aleksandr, 118, 124–35, 184, 185, 196

Bohm, David, 60–61, 63, 87n

Bohr, Niels: on atomic systems, 78; Bohr model/rules, 5–10, 12, 33–34, 37; debate with Einstein, 54, 135, 138–39, 217n100; receives Nobel Prize (1922), 38; on relational aspect of quantum mechanics, 139–40; in USA, 16

Bologna University, 41

Bolsheviks, 118, 124, 131–32

Born, Hedi, 15

Born, Max, 6, 11–12, 15–16, 26–27, 33, 38, 57, 138

“boys’ physics,” 16, 17, 69

brain function,

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