The History of a Crime by Victor Hugo (motivational books for men TXT) π
On the 1st December, 1851, the two regiments hutted on the Esplanade were the 6th and the 42d Regiments of the Line, the 6th commanded by Colonel Garderens de Boisse, who was famous before the Second of December, the 42d by Colonel Espinasse, who became famous since that date.
The ordinary night-guard of the Palace of th
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Here is a dialogue, word for word, and taken from life, between a colonel and his convicted prisoner:β
"You are condemned."
"Indeed! Why?"
"In truth I do not exactly know myself. Examine your conscience. Think what you have done."
"I?""Yes, you."
"How I?"
"You must have done something."
"No. I have done nothing. I have not even done my duty. I ought to have taken my gun, gone down into the street, harangued the people, raised barricades; I remained at home stupidly like a sluggard" (the accused laughs); "that is the offence of which I accuse myself."
"You have not been condemned for that offence. Think carefully."
"I can think of nothing."
"What! You have not been to the cafΓ©?"
"Yes, I have breakfasted there."
"Have you not chatted there?"
"Yes, perhaps."
"Have you not laughed?"
"Perhaps I have laughed."
"At whom? At what?"
"At what is going on. It is true I was wrong to laugh."
"At the same time you talked?"
"Yes."
"Of whom?"
"Of the President."
"What did you say?"
"Indeed, what may be said with justice, that he had broken his oath."
"And then?"
"That he had not the right to arrest the Representatives."
"You said that?"
"Yes. And I added that he had not the right to kill people on the boulevard...."
Here the condemned man interrupted himself and exclaimed,β
"And thereupon they send me to Cayenne!"
The judge looks fixedly at the prisoner, and answers,β"Well, then?"
Another form of justice:β
Three miscellaneous personages, three removable functionaries, a Prefect, a soldier, a public prosecutor, whose only conscience is the sound of Louis Bonaparte's bell, seated themselves at a table and judged. Whom? You, me, us, everybody. For what crimes? They invented crimes. In the name of what laws? They invented laws. What penalties did they inflict? They invented penalties. Did they know the accused? No. Did they listen to him? No. What advocates did they listen to? None. What witnesses did they question? None. What deliberation did they enter upon? None. What public did they call in? None. Thus, no public, no deliberation, no counsellors, no witnesses, judges who are not magistrates, a jury where none are sworn in, a tribunal which is not a tribunal, imaginary offences, invented penalties, the accused absent, the law absent; from all these things which resembled a dream there came forth a reality: the condemnation of the innocent.
Exile, banishment, transportation, ruin, home-sickness, death, and despair for 40,000 families.
That is what History calls the Mixed Commissions.
Ordinarily the great crimes of State strike the great heads, and content themselves with this destruction; they roll like blocks of stone, all in one piece, and break the great resistances; illustrious victims suffice for them. But the Second of December had its refinements of cruelty; it required in addition petty victims. Its appetite for extermination extended to the poor and to the obscure, its anger and animosity penetrated as far as the lowest class; it created fissures in the social subsoil in order to diffuse the proscription there; the local triumvirates, nicknamed "mixed mixtures," served it for that. Not one head escaped, however humble and puny. They found means to impoverish the indigent, to ruin those dying of hunger, to spoil the disinherited; the coup d'Γ©tat achieved this wonderful feat of adding misfortune to misery. Bonaparte, it seems, took the trouble to hate a mere peasant; the vine-dresser was torn from his vine, the laborer from his furrow, the mason from his scaffold, the weaver from his loom. Men accepted this mission of causing the immense public calamity to fall, morsel by morsel, upon the humblest walks of life. Detestable task! To crumble a catastrophe upon the little and on the weak.
CHAPTER XIV. A RELIGIOUS INCIDENT A little religion can be mingled with this justice. Here is an example.
Frederick Morin, like Arnauld de l'Ariège, was a Catholic Republican. He thought that the souls of the victims of the 4th of December, suddenly cast by the volleys of the coup d'état into the infinite and the unknown, might need some assistance, and he undertook the laborious task of having a mass said for the repose of these souls. But the priests wished to keep the masses for their friends. The group of Catholic Republicans which Frederick Morin headed applied successively to all the priests of Paris; but met with a refusal. They applied to the Archbishop: again a refusal. As many masses for the assassin as they liked, but far the assassinated not one. To pray for dead men of this sort would be a scandal. The refusal was determined. How should it be overcome? To do without a mass would have appeared easy to others, but not to these staunch believers. The worthy Catholic Democrats with great difficulty at length unearthed in a tiny suburban parish a poor old vicar, who consented to mumble in a whisper this mass in the ear of the Almighty, while begging Him to say nothing about it.
CHAPTER XV. HOW THEY CAME OUT OF HAM
On the night of the 7th and 8th of January, Charras was sleeping. The noise of his bolts being drawn awoke him.
"So then!" said he, "they are going to put us in close confinement." And he went to sleep again.
An hour afterwards the door was opened. The commandant of the fort entered in full uniform, accompanied by a police agent carrying a torch.
It was about four o'clock in the morning.
"Colonel," said the Commandant, "dress yourself at once."
"What for?"
"You are about to leave."
"Some more rascality, I suppose!"
The Commandant was silent. Charras dressed himself.
As he finished dressing, a short young man, dressed in black, came in. This young man spoke to Charras.
"Colonel, you are about to leave the fortress, you are about to quit France. I am instructed to have you conducted to the frontier."
Charras exclaimed,β
"If I am to quit France I will not leave the fortress. This is yet another outrage. They have no more the right to exile me than they had the right to imprison me. I have on my side the Law, Right, my old services, my commission. I protest. Who are you, sir?"
"I am the Private Secretary of the Minister of the Interior."
"Ah! it is you who are named LΓ©opold Lehon."
The young man cast down his eyes.
Charras continued,β
"You come on the part of some one whom they call 'Minister of the Interior,' M. de Morny, I believe. I know M. de Morny. A bald young man; he has played the game where people lose their hair; and now he is playing the game where people risk their heads."
The conversation was painful. The young man was deeply interested in the toe of his boot.
After a pause, however, he ventured to speak,β
"M. Charras, I am instructed to say that if you want moneyβ"
Charras interrupted him impetuously.
"Hold your tongue, sir! not another word. I have served my country five-and-twenty years as an officer, under fire, at the peril of my life, always for honor, never for gain. Keep your money for your own set!"
"But, sirβ"
"Silence! Money which passes through your hands would soil mine."
Another pause ensued, which the private secretary again broke,β
"Colonel, you will be accompanied by two police agents who have special instructions, and I should inform you that you are ordered to travel with a false passport, and under the name of Vincent."
"Good heavens!" said Charras; "this is really too much. Who is it imagines that they will make me travel by order with a false passport, and under a false name?" And looking steadily at M. LΓ©opold Lehon, "Know, sir, that my name is Charras and not Vincent, and that I belong to a family whose members have always borne the name of their father."
They set out.
They journeyed by carriage as far as Creil, which is on the railway.
At Creil station the first person whom Charras saw was General Changarnier.
"Ah! it is you, General."
The two proscripts embraced each other. Such is exile.
"What the deuce are they doing with you?" asked the General.
"What they are probably doing with you. These vagabonds are making me travel under the name of Vincent."
"And me," said Changarnier, "under the name of Leblanc."
"In that case they ought at least to have called me Lerouge," said Charras, with a burst of laughter.
In the meantime a group, kept at a distance by the police agents, had formed round them. People had recognized them and saluted them. A little child, whose mother could not hold him back, ran quickly to Charras and took his hand.
They got into the train apparently as free as other travellers. Only they isolated them in empty compartments, and each was accompanied by two men, who sat one at the side and the other facing him, and who never took their eyes off him. The keepers of General Changarnier were of ordinary strength and stature. Those of Charras were almost giants. Charras is exceedingly tall; they topped him by an entire head. These men who were galley sergeants, had been carabineers; these spies had been heroes.
Charras questioned them. They had served when quite young, from 1813. Thus they had shared the bivouac of Napoleon; now they ate the same bread as Vidocq. The soldier brought to such a sorry pass as this is a sad sight.
The pocket of one of them was bulged out with something which he was hiding there.
When this man crossed the station in company with Charras, a lady traveller said,β
"Has he got M. Thiers in his pocket?"
What the police agent was hiding was a pair of pistols. Under their long, buttoned-up and doubled-breasted frock coats these men were armed. They were ordered to treat "those gentlemen" with the most profound respect, but in certain circumstances to blow out their brains.
The prisoners had each been informed that in the eyes of the different authorities whom they would meet on the road they would pass for foreigners, Swiss or Belgians, expelled on account of their political opinions, and that the police agents would keep their title of police agents, and would represent themselves as charged with reconducting these foreigners to the frontier.
Two-thirds of the journey were accomplished without any hindrance. At Valenciennes an incident occurred.
The coup d'Γ©tat having succeeded, zeal reigned paramount. No task was any longer considered despicable. To denounce was to please; zeal is one of the forms of servitude towards which people lean the most willingly. The general became a common soldier, the prefect became a commissary of police, the commissary of police became a police spy.
The commissary of police at Valenciennes himself superintended the inspection of passports. For nothing in the world would he have deputed this important office to a subordinate inspector. When they presented him the passport of the so-called Leblanc, he looked the so-called Leblanc full in the face, started, and exclaimed,β
"You are General Changarnier!"
"That is no affair of mine," said the General.
Upon this the two keepers of the General protested and exhibited their papers, perfectly drawn up in due form.
"Mr. Commissary, we are Government agents. Here are our proper passports."
"Improper ones," said the General.
The Commissary shook his head. He had been employed in Paris, and had been frequently sent to the headquarters of the staff at the Tuileries, to General Changarnier. He knew him very well.
"This is too much!" exclaimed the police agents. They blustered, declared that they were police functionaries on a special service, that they had instructions to conduct to the frontier this Leblanc, expelled for political reasons, swore by all the gods, and gave their word of honor that the so-called Leblanc was really named Leblanc.
"I do not much believe in words of honor," said the Commissary.
"Honest Commissary," muttered Changarnier, "you are right. Since the 2d of December words of honor and oaths are no more than worthless paper money."
And then he began to smile.
The Commissary became more and more perplexed. The police agents ended by invoking the testimony of the prisoner himself.
"Now, sir, tell him your name yourself."
"Get out of the difficulty yourselves," answered Changarnier.
All this appeared most irregular to the mind of a provincial alguazil.
It seemed evident to the Commissary of Valenciennes that General Changarnier was escaping from
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