The Twelve Lives of Alfred Hitchcock by Edward White (best finance books of all time TXT) 📕

the artist Ub Iwerks, Walt Disney’s longtime collaborator, to lend his expertise on the sodium vapor process, a method of color separation that allows the merging of separately shot backgrounds and foregrounds, and that was used to create the attack scenes.* Following the example set by Bernard Herrmann’s remarkable score for Psycho, Hitchcock also wanted to do something radical with sound in The Birds, and was excited to learn of Oskar Sala and Remi Gassmann, two German pioneers of electronic music, who had demonstrated to other members of the Hitchcock team that they had the ability to create, electronically, an enormous range of sounds, thereby providing limitless options for film soundtracks. The introduction of electronic sounds into his toolbox was a great boon to Hitchcock. When he heard a demonstration of the sounds Sala and Gassmann could create, he was delighted, and recalled to others how impressed he had been by a film of a tank battle in which all the sound had been created electronically. Ultimately, though, it was the capacity to conjure new, expressive sounds—new possibilities for the evocation of atmosphere and emotion—that most motivated him. As Sala and Gassmann created their soundtrack in Berlin, Hitchcock issued directions, asking them to give sonic form to abstract concepts such as menace, anger, and confusion. For the final sequence of the film, he asked for “electronically the equivalent of brooding silence. Naturally, to achieve some effect like this will necessitate some experimentation.”

Correspondence with Hitchcock’s office suggests Sala and Gassmann were stressed by the workload but happy that Hitchcock trusted their ability to interpret his ideas. He was very satisfied with their labors and enjoyed seeing them work up close when he accompanied Bernard Herr­mann to Berlin just before Christmas 1962. Back in Germany among avant-garde technologists, exposing himself to new elements of his craft, the trip was a homecoming of sorts. The machine that Sala and Gassmann used was a Mixtur-Trautonium, an electronic instrument based on the Trautonium, one of the world’s first synthesizers, which had been invented by Friedrich Trautwein in the late 1920s, and which Hitchcock had supposedly heard during a visit to Berlin around that time. As much as The Birds was an ambitious leap for Hitchcock, it was also a reinforcement of a core aspect of his identity as a filmmaker—a drive to realize a creative ambition through the exploitation of technology and technique.

The link with the German avant-garde is also a reminder of the milieu from which Hitchcock had emerged as a Hollywood director of note more than twenty years earlier. He had been part of a pioneering wartime generation of European filmmakers who came to Hollywood, what has been described as “an eruption of film talent” matched only by the arrival of the New Hollywood generation of the sixties and seventies. As a leading member of that wave of émigrés, Hitchcock’s first few American films helped to set patterns that would proliferate over the ensuing two decades. His focus on the trials of complexly alluring female characters, suspense, psychological themes, and expressionist filming techniques are the key elements of film noir, and they exerted a huge influence on the era of classical Hollywood cinema.

Hitchcock grumbled that he was forever being copied, which made it difficult for him to remain fresh and distinctive—though he often conveniently forgot the many debts that he owed to the directors from whom he borrowed, especially contemporaries such as Welles, Clouzot, and Antonioni. A sense that he needed to keep a step ahead of his imitators was surely behind his periodic reinventions, such as when he took on the multiple challenges of Rope and Under Capricorn, his flirtation with social realism in The Wrong Man, or the darker, more arthouse territory he entered with The Birds and Marnie. At every stage, the Hitchcock publicity machine—the man himself, allied with the producers, distributors, and promoters of his movies—stressed the daring inventiveness of these ventures. In promotional material published for Rope, Jack Warner, an establishment figure who thought of himself as a rebel and a rule breaker, hailed the film as “real pioneering on the part of Mr. Hitchcock and it foreshadows great potential improvements in motion picture production.” The same booklet contained a section that placed Hitchcock and Rope in the same rarified space as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, The Great Train Robbery, and the best work of Griffith and Méliès. Rather than selling the story of the film, Warner Bros. focused on the technological wonders involved in its production: the moving set that allowed the camera to rove without cuts; the electronic control boards from which technicians could control their equipment “with split-second accuracy”; the radical ways in which Hitchcock was using sound, lighting, and color to give a vivid sense of time and place. Hitchcock publicly boasted that Rope featured “the most revolutionary technique Hollywood had ever seen.” Given all this, it’s ironic that, to safeguard public morals, Rope was banned for a time in Germany, cradle of Hitchcock’s cinematic technique and of the Nietzschean philosophy that provides Phillip and Brandon with their chilling motivation. It wasn’t until 1963 that the ban was permanently lifted, just as The Birds, Hitchcock’s most technologically advanced film of all, was let fly.

In certain ways, The Birds was ahead of its time. Indeed, in its depiction of a panicked community sheltering in place against the assault of benign nature suddenly turned savage, it could be said that The Birds is a film more of our times than of Hitchcock’s. Yet this was also the last Hitchcock film to feel urgently relevant to the wider world. Some critics would dispute this, making the case that Marnie is the zenith of Hitchcock’s career, a forerunner of the emerging New Hollywood, and powerfully engaged with important issues that shape our society. However, key members of Hitchcock’s production team maintained that Marnie fell short of what they had hoped for. In particular, various technical aspects of the film undermine its impact, especially the backdrop of