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from it. How can he be used as a guide to a blind man, who does not support him when tottering, nor raise him up when fallen?”

7. ‘And further, you speak wrongly. When a tiger or rhinoceros escapes from his cage; when a tortoise or piece of jade is injured in its repository:— whose is the fault?’

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8. Zan Yu said, ‘But at present, Chwan-yu is strong and near to Pi; if our chief do not now take it, it will hereafter be a sorrow to his descendants.’

9. Confucius said. ‘Ch’iu, the superior man hates that declining to say— “I want such and such a thing,” and framing explanations for the conduct.

10. ‘I have heard that rulers of States and chiefs of families are not troubled lest their people should be few, but are troubled lest they should not keep their several places; that they are not troubled with fears of poverty, but are troubled with fears of a want of contented repose among the people in their several places. For when the people keep their several places, there will be no poverty; when harmony prevails, there will be no scarcity of people; and when there is such a contented repose, there will be no rebellious upsettings.

11. ‘So it is.— Therefore, if remoter people are not submissive, all

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12. ‘Now, here are you, Yu and Ch’iu, assisting your chief. Remoter people are not submissive, and, with your help, he cannot attract them to him. In his own territory there are divisions and downfalls, leavings and separations, and, with your help, he cannot preserve it.

13. ‘And yet he is planning these hostile movements within the State.— I am afraid that the sorrow of the Chi-sun family will not be on account of Chwan-yu, but will be found within the screen of their own court.’

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CHAP. II. 1. Confucius said, ‘When good government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive military expeditions proceed from the son of Heaven. When bad government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive military expeditions proceed from the princes. When these things proceed from the princes, as a rule, the cases will be few in which they do not lose their power in ten generations. When they proceed from the Great officers of the princes, as a rule, the cases will be few in which they do not lose their power in five generations. When the subsidiary ministers of the great officers hold in their grasp the orders of the state, as a rule, the cases will be few in which they do not lose their power in three generations.

2. ‘When right principles prevail in the kingdom, government will not be in the hands of the Great officers.

3. ‘When right principles prevail in the kingdom, there will be no discussions among the common people.’

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CHAP. III. Confucius said, ‘The revenue of the state has left the ducal House now for five generations. The government has been in the hands of the Great officers for four generations. On this account, the descendants of the three Hwan are much reduced.’

CHAP. IV. Confucius said, ‘There are three friendships which are advantageous, and three which are injurious. Friendship with the upright; friendship with the sincere; and friendship with the man of much observation:— these are advantageous. Friendship with the man of specious airs; friendship with the insinuatingly soft; and friendship with the glib-tongued:— these are injurious.’

CHAP. V. Confucius said, ‘There are three things men find enjoyment in which are advantageous, and three things they find enjoyment in which are injurious. To find enjoyment in the discriminating study of ceremonies and music; to find enjoyment in

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CHAP. VI. Confucius said, ‘There are three errors to which they who stand in the presence of a man of virtue and station are liable. They may speak when it does not come to them to speak;— this is called rashness. They may not speak when it comes to them to speak;— this is called concealment. They may speak without looking at the countenance of their superior;— this is called blindness.’

CHAP. VII. Confucius said, ‘There are three things which the superior man guards against. In youth, when the physical powers

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CHAP. VIII. 1. Confucius said, ‘There are three things of which the superior man stands in awe. He stands in awe of the ordinances of Heaven. He stands in awe of great men. He stands in awe of the words of sages.

2. ‘The mean man does not know the ordinances of Heaven, and consequently does not stand in awe of them. He is disrespectful to great men. He makes sport of the words of sages.’

CHAP. IX. Confucius said, ‘Those who are born with the possession of knowledge are the highest class of men. Those who learn, and so, readily, get possession of knowledge, are the next.

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CHAP. X. Confucius said, ‘The superior man has nine things which are subjects with him of thoughtful consideration. In regard to the use of his eyes, he is anxious to see clearly. In regard to the use of his ears, he is anxious to hear distinctly. In regard to his countenance, he is anxious that it should be benign. In regard to his demeanor, he is anxious that it should be respectful. In regard to his speech, he is anxious that it should be sincere. In regard to his doing of business, he is anxious that it should be reverently careful. In regard to what he doubts about, he is anxious to question others. When he is angry, he thinks of the difficulties (his anger may involve him in). When he sees gain to be got, he thinks of righteousness.’

CHAP. XI. 1. Confucius said, ‘Contemplating good, and pursuing it, as if they could not reach it; contemplating evil, and shrinking from it, as they would from thrusting the hand into boiling water:— I have seen such men, as I have heard such words.

2. ‘Living in retirement to study their aims, and practising

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CHAP. XII. 1. The duke Ching of Ch’i had a thousand teams, each of four horses, but on the day of his death, the people did not praise him for a single virtue. Po-i and Shu-ch’i died of hunger at the foot of the Shau-yang mountain, and the people, down to the present time, praise them.

2. ‘Is not that saying illustrated by this?’

CHAP. XIII. 1. Ch’an K’ang asked Po-yu, saying, ‘Have you heard any lessons from your father different from what we have all heard?’

2. Po-yu replied, ‘No. He was standing alone once, when I passed below the hall with hasty steps, and said to me, “Have you learned the Odes?” On my replying “Not yet,” he added, “If you do not learn the Odes, you will not be fit to converse with.” I retired and studied the Odes.

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3. ‘Another day, he was in the same way standing alone, when I passed by below the hall with hasty steps, and said to me, ‘Have you learned the rules of Propriety?’ On my replying ‘Not yet,’ he added, ‘If you do not learn the rules of Propriety, your character cannot be established.’ I then retired, and learned the rules of Propriety.

4. ‘I have heard only these two things from him.’

5. Ch’ang K’ang retired, and, quite delighted, said, ‘I asked one thing, and I have got three things. I have heard about the Odes. I have heard about the rules of Propriety. I have also heard that the superior man maintains a distant reserve towards his son.’

CHAP. XIV. The wife of the prince of a state is called by him FU ZAN. She calls herself HSIAO T’UNG. The people of the State call

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���f���Q�C BOOK XVII. YANG HO.

[17.1]

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CHAP. I. 1. Yang Ho wished to see Confucius, but Confucius would not go to see him. On this, he sent a present of a pig to Confucius, who, having chosen a time when Ho was not at home, went to pay his respects for the gift. He met him, however, on the way.

2. Ho said to Confucius, ‘Come, let me speak with you.’ He then asked, ‘Can he be called benevolent who keeps his jewel in his

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CHAP. II. The Master said, ‘By nature, men are nearly alike; by practice, they get to be wide apart.’

CHAP. III. The Master said, ‘There are only the wise of the highest class, and the stupid of the lowest class, who cannot be changed.’

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CHAP. IV. 1. The Master, having come to Wu-ch’ang, heard there the sound of stringed instruments and singing.

2. Well pleased and smiling, he said, ‘Why use an ox knife to kill a fowl?’

3. Tsze-yu replied, ‘Formerly, Master, I heard you say,— “When the man of high station is well instructed, he loves men; when the man of low station is well instructed, he is easily ruled.”’

4. The Master said, ‘My disciples, Yen’s words are right. What I said was only in sport.’

CHAP. V. Kung-shan Fu-zao, when he was holding Pi, and in an attitude of rebellion, invited the Master to visit him, who was rather inclined to go.

2. Tsze-lu was displeased, and said, ‘Indeed, you cannot go! Why must you think of going to see Kung-shan?’

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3. The Master said, ‘Can it be without some reason that he has invited ME? If any one employ me, may I not make an eastern Chau?’

CHAP. VI. Tsze-chang asked Confucius about perfect virtue. Confucius said, ‘To be able to practise five things everywhere under heaven constitutes perfect virtue.’ He begged to ask what they were, and was told, ‘Gravity, generosity of soul, sincerity, earnestness, and kindness. If you are grave, you will not be treated with disrespect. If you are generous, you will win all. If you are sincere, people will repose trust in you. If you are earnest, you will accomplish much. If you are kind, this will enable you to employ the services of others.

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CHAP. VII. 1. Pi Hsi inviting him to visit him, the

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