A History of Science, vol 2 by Henry Smith Williams (most recommended books .txt) 📕

Comments: 0

Keywords:

Complain

Excerpt from the book:

was any sudden change in the level of mentality of the Roman world at the close of the classical period. We must assume, then, that the direction in which the great minds turned was for some reason changed. Newton is said to have alleged that he made his discoveries by "intending" his mind in a certain direction continuously. It is probable that the same explanation may be given of almost every great scientific discovery. Anaxagoras could not have thought out the theory of the moon's phases; Aristarchus could not have found out the true mechanism of the solar system; Eratosthenes could not have developed his plan for measuring the earth, had not each of these investigators "intended" his mind persistently towards the problems in question.

Nor can we doubt that men lived in every generation of the dark age who were capable of creative thought in the field of science, bad they chosen similarly to "intend" their minds in the right direction. The difficulty was that they did not so choose. Their minds had

Read Book

Read free book «A History of Science, vol 2 by Henry Smith Williams (most recommended books .txt) 📕» - read online or download for free at americanlibrarybooks.com

Download in Format:

Author: Henry Smith Williams
Performer: -

Read book online «A History of Science, vol 2 by Henry Smith Williams (most recommended books .txt) 📕». Author - Henry Smith Williams

Go to page:

botanized with the two botanists whose “natural method” of classification was later to supplant his own “artificial system.” These were Bernard and Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. The efforts of these two scientists were directed towards obtaining a system which should aim at clearness, simplicity, and precision, and at the same time be governed by the natural affinities of plants. The natural system, as finally propounded by them, is based on the number of cotyledons, the structure of the seed, and the insertion of the stamens. Succeeding writers on botany have made various modifications of this system, but nevertheless it stands as the foundation-stone of modern botanical classification.

APPENDIX

REFERENCE LIST

CHAPTER I SCIENCE IN THE DARK AGE

[1] (p. 4). James Harvey Robinson, An Introduction to the History of Western Europe, New York, 1898, p. 330.

[2] (p. 6). Henry Smith Williams, A Prefatory Characterization of The History of Italy, in vol. IX. of The Historians’ History of the World, 25 vols., London and New York, 1904.

CHAPTER III MEDIAeVAL SCIENCE IN THE WEST

[1] (p. 47). Etigene Muntz, Leonardo do Vinci, Artist, Thinker, and Man of Science, 2 vols., New York, 1892. Vol. II., p. 73.

CHAPTER IV

THE NEW COSMOLOGY—COPERNICUS TO KEPLER AND GALILEO

[1] (p. 62). Copernicus, uber die Kreisbewegungen der Welfkorper, trans. from Dannemann’s Geschichle du Naturwissenschaften, 2

vols., Leipzig, 1896.

[2] (p. 90). Galileo, Dialogo dei due Massimi Systemi del Mondo, trans. from Dannemann, op. cit.

CHAPTER V

GALILEO AND THE NEW PHYSICS [1] (p. 101). Rothmann, History of Astronomy (in the Library of Useful Knowledge), London, 1834.

[2] (p. 102). William Whewell, History of the Inductive Sciences, 3 Vols, London, 1847-Vol. II., p. 48.

[3] (p. 111). The Lives of Eminent Persons, by Biot, Jardine, Bethune, etc., London, 1833.

[4] (p. 113). William Gilbert, De Magnete, translated by P.

Fleury Motteley, London, 1893. In the biographical memoir, p.

xvi.

[5] (p. 114). Gilbert, op. cit., p. x1vii.

[6] (p. 114). Gilbert, op. cit., p. 24.

CHAPTER VI TWO PSEUDO-SCIENCES—ALCHEMY AND ASTROLOGY

[1] (p. 125). Exodus xxxii, 20.

[2] (p. 126). Charles Mackay, Popular Delusions, 3 vols., London, 1850. Vol. II., p. 280.

[3] (p. 140). Mackay, op. cit., Vol. 11., p. 289.

[4] (P. 145). John B. Schmalz, Astrology Vindicated, New York, 1898.

[5] (p. 146). William Lilly, The Starry Messenger, London, 1645, p. 63.

[6] (p. 149). Lilly, op. cit., p. 70.

[7] (p. 152). George Wharton, An Astrological jugement upon His Majesty’s Present March begun from Oxford, May 7, 1645, pp. 7-10.

[8] (p. 154). C. W. Roback, The Mysteries of Astrology, Boston, 1854, p. 29.

CHAPTER VII FROM PARACELSUS TO HARVEY

[1] (p. 159). A. E. Waite, The Hermetic and Alchemical Writings of Paracelsus, 2 vols., London, 1894. Vol. I., p. 21.

[2] (p. 167). E. T. Withington, Medical History from the Earliest Times, London, 1894, p. 278.

[3] (p. 173). John Dalton, Doctrines of the Circulation, Philadelphia, 1884, p. 179.

[4] (p. 174). William Harvey, De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis, London, 1803, chap. X.

[5] (p. 178). The Works of William Harvey, translated by Robert Willis, London, 1847, p. 56.

CHAPTER VIII

MEDICINE IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES

[1] (p. 189). Hermann Baas, History of Medicine, translated by H.

E. Henderson, New York, 1894, p. 504.

[2] (p. 189). E. T. Withington, Medical History from the Earliest Times, London, 1894, p. 320.

CHAPTER IX

PHILOSOPHER-SCIENTISTS AND NEW INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING

[1] (p. 193). George L. Craik, Bacon and His Writings and Philosophy, 2 vols., London, 1846. Vol. II., p. 121.

[2] (p. 193). From Huxley’s address On Descartes’s Discourse Touching the Method of Using One’s Reason Rightly and of Seeking Scientific Truth.

[3] (p. 195). Rene Descartes, Traite de l’Homme (Cousins’s edition. in ii vols.), Paris, 1824. Vol, VI., p. 347.

CHAPTER X

THE SUCCESSORS OF GALILEO IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE

[1] (p. 205). See The Phlogiston Theory, Vol, IV.

[2] (p. 205). Robert Boyle, Philosophical Works, 3 vols., London, 1738. Vol. III., p. 41.

[3] (p. 206). Ibid., Vol. III., p. 47.

[4] (p. 206). Ibid., Vol. II., p. 92.

[5] (p. 207). Ibid., Vol. II., p. 2.

[6] (p. 209). Ibid., Vol. I., p. 8.

[7] (p. 209). Ibid., vol. III., p. 508.

[8] (p. 210). Ibid., Vol. III.) p. 361.

[9] (p. 213). Otto von Guericke, in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, No. 88, for 1672, p.

5103.

[10] (p. 222). Von Guericke, Phil. Trans. for 1669, Vol I., pp.

173, 174.

CHAPTER XI

NEWTON AND THE COMPOSITION OF LIGHT

[1] (p. 233). Phil. Trans. of Royal Soc. of London, No. 80, 1672, pp. 3076-3079. [2] (p 234). Ibid., pp. 3084, 3085.

[3] (p. 235). Voltaire, Letters Concerning the English Nation, London, 1811.

CHAPTER XII

NEWTON AND THE LAW OF GRAVITATION

[1] (p. 242). Sir Isaac Newton, Principia, translated by Andrew Motte, New York, 1848, pp. 391, 392.

[2] (p. 250). Newton op. cit., pp. 506, 507.

CHAPTER XIV

PROGRESS IN ELECTRICITY FROM GILBERT AND VON GUERICKE TO FRANKLIN

[1] (p. 274). A letter from M. Dufay, F.R.S. and of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, etc., in the Phil. Trans. of the Royal Soc., vol. XXXVIII., pp. 258-265.

[2] (p. 282). Dean von Kleist, in the Danzick Memoirs, Vol. I., p. 407. From Joseph Priestley’s History of Electricity, London, 1775, pp. 83, 84.

[3] (p. 288). Benjamin Franklin, New Experiments and Observations on Electricity, London, 1760, pp. 107, 108.

[4] (p. 291). Franklin, op. cit., pp. 62, 63.

[5] (p. 295). Franklin, op. cit., pp. 107, 108.

[For notes and bibliography to vol. II. see vol. V.]

End of Project Gutenberg Etext of A History of Science, V 2, by Williams

Go to page:

Free e-book: «A History of Science, vol 2 by Henry Smith Williams (most recommended books .txt) 📕» - read online now on website american library books (americanlibrarybooks.com)

Comments (0)

There are no comments yet. You can be the first!

Add a comment