Manual of Military Training by James A. Moss (best value ebook reader .TXT) π
PART V
CARE OF HEALTH AND KINDRED SUBJECTS
* CHAPTER I. =CARE OF THE HEALTH=--Importance of Good 1451-1469 Health--Germs--The Five Ways of Catching Disease-- Diseases Caught by Breathing in Germs--Diseases Caught by Swallowing Germs--Disease Caught by Touching Germs-- Diseases Caught from Biting Insects.
* CHAPTER II. =PERSONAL HYGIENE=--Keep the Skin Clean-- 1470-1477 Keep the Body Properly Protected against the Weather-- Keep the Body Properly Fed--Keep the Body Supplied with Fresh Air--Keep the Body well Exercised--Keep the Body Rested by Sufficient Sleep--Keep the Body Free of Wastes.
* CHAPTER III. =FIRST AID TO THE SICK AND INJURED= 1478-1522 --Objectof Teaching First Aid--Asphyxiation by Gas-- Bite of Dog--Bite of Snake--Bleeding-
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2 1st Lieuts.
2 2nd Lieuts.
β
5
β
1 1st Sergt.
1 Supply Sergt.
1 Stable Sergt.
1 Mess Sergt.
6 Sergts.
13 Corpls.
1 Chief Mechanic
1 Saddler
2 Horseshoers
1 Mechanic
2 Buglers
3 Cooks
22 Pvts., 1st Class
71 Pvts.
β
125
β
When no enlisted men of the Quartermaster Corps are attached for such positions there shall be added to each battery of mountain artillery:
1 Packmaster Sergt., 1st Class
1 Asst. Packmaster Sergt.
1 Cargador, Corpl.
(The President may add 3 Sergts., 7 Corpls., 1 Horseshoer, 2 Mechanics, 1 Bugler, 13 Pvts. 1st Class, 37 Pvts.βtotal, 64) 1 Captain
1 1st Lieut.
β
2
β
1 Regtl. Sergt. Major
2 Batln. Sergts. Major
1 1st Sergt.
2 Color Sergts.
1 Mess Sergt.
1 Supply Sergt.
1 Stable Sergt.
2 Sergts.
9 Corpls.
1 Horseshoer
1 Saddler
1 Mechanic
3 Buglers
2 Cooks
5 Pvts. 1st Class
15 Pvts.
1 Band leader
1 Asst. Band leader
1 Sergt. Bugler
2 Band Sergts.
4 Band Corpls.
2 Musicians, 1st Class
4 Musicians, 2nd Class
13 Musicians, 3rd Class
β
76
β
When a regiment consists of three battalions there shall be added to Hdqrs. Co.: 1 Batln. Sergt. Major, 1 Sergt., 3 Corpls., 1 Bugler, 1 Pvt. 1st Class, 5 Pvts.βtotal, 12.
When no enlisted men of the Quartermaster Corps are attached for such positions there shall be added to each mountain artillery Hdqrs. Co.,
1 Packmaster Sergt., 1st Class
1 Asst. Packmaster, Sergt.
1 Cargador, Corpl.βtotal, 3.
(The President may add 2 Sergts., 5 Corpls., 1 Horseshoer, 1 Mechanic, 1 Pvt. 1st Class, 6 Pvts.βtotal 16 to a regiment of 2 battalions; and to a regiment of 3 battalions 1 Sergt., 7 Corpls., 1 Horseshoer, 1 Mechanic, 2 Cooks, 2 Pvts. 1st Class, 7 Pvts.βtotal, 21) 1 Captain
1 1st Lieut.
β
2
β
2 Regtl. Supply Sergts.
1 1st Sergt.
1 Mess Sergt.
1 Corpl.
1 Cook
1 Horseshoer
1 Saddler
2 Pvts.
1 Wagoner for each authorized wagon of the field train.
When Regt. consists of 3 Batlns. there shall be added 1 2nd Lieut. (1), 1 Regtl. Supply Sergt., 1 Pvt., 1 Wagoner for each additional authorized wagon of the field train.
(The President may add 1 Corpl., 1 Cook, 1 Horseshoer, 1 Saddler.βtotal, 4)
Supply Co., of Regt. of 3 Batlns. may have added, the same number as given above for Regt. of 2 Batlns.
Transportation, orderlies, etc. To Battery Hdqrs., 8 riding horses; to each Battery, 24 riding horses, 88 draft horses, 1 Battery wagon, 1 Store wagon, 8 Caissons and 4 Guns.
MAP READING AND MILITARY SKETCHING
MAP READING
1859. Definition of map. A map is a representation on paper of a certain portion of the earth's surface.
A military map is one that shows the things which are of military importance, such as roads, streams, bridges, houses, depressions, and hills.
1860. Map reading. By map reading is meant the ability to get a clear idea of the ground represented by the map,βof being able to visualize the ground so represented.
For some unknown reason, military map reading is generally considered a very difficult matter to master, and the beginner, starting out with this idea, seemingly tries to find it difficult.
However, as a matter of fact, map reading is not difficult, if one goes about learning it in the right way,βthat is, by first becoming familiar with scales, contours, conventional signs, and other things that go to make up map making.
Practice is most important in acquiring ability in map reading. Practice looking at maps and then visualizing the actual country represented on the map.
1861. Scales. In order that you may be able to tell the distance between any two points on a map, the map must be drawn to scale,βthat is, it must be so drawn that a certain distance on the map, say, one inch, represents a certain distance on the ground, say, one mile. On such a map, then, two inches would represent two miles on the ground; three inches, three miles, and so on. Therefore, we may sayβ
The scale of a map is the ratio between actual distances on the ground and those between the same points as represented on the map.
1862. Methods of representing scales. There are three ways in which the scale of a map may be represented:
1st. By words and figures, as 3 inches = 1 mile; 1 inch = 200 feet.
2d. By Representative Fraction (abbreviated R. F.), which is a fraction whose numerator represents units of distance on the map and whose denominator, units of distance on the ground.
For example, R. F. = 1 inch (on map)/1 mile (on ground) which is equivalent to R. F. = 1/63360, since 1 mile = 63,360 inches. So the expression, "R. F. 1/63360" on a map merely means that 1 inch on the map represents 63,360 inches (or 1 mile) on the ground. This fraction is usually written with a numerator 1, as above, no definite unit of inches or miles being specified in either the numerator or denominator. In this case the expression means that one unit of distance on the map equals as many of the same units on the ground as are in the denominator. Thus, 1/63360 means that 1 inch on the map = 63,360 inches on the ground, 1 foot on the map = 63,360 feet on the ground; 1 yard on the map = 63,360 yards on the ground, etc.
3d. By Graphical Scale, that is, a drawn scale. A graphical scale is a line drawn on the map, divided into equal parts, each part being marked not with its actual length, but with the distance which it represents on the ground. Thus:
For example, the distance from 0 to 50 represents fifty yards on the ground; the distance from 0 to 100, one hundred yards on the ground, etc.
If the above scale were applied to the road running from A to B in Fig. 2, it would show that the length of the road is 675 yards.
1863. Construction of Scales. The following are the most usual problems that arise in connection with the construction of scales:
1. Having given the R. F. on a map, to find how many miles on the ground are represented by one inch on the map. Let us suppose that the R. F. is 1/21120.
SolutionNow, as previously explained, 1/21120 simply means that one inch on the map represents 21,120 inches on the ground. There are 63,360 inches in one mile. 21,120 goes into 63,360 three timesβthat is to say, 21,120 is 1/3 of 63,360, and we, therefore, see from this that one inch on the map represents 1/3 of a mile on the ground, and consequently it would take three inches on the map to represent one whole mile on the ground. So, we have this general rule: To find out how many miles one inch on the map represents on the ground, divide the denominator of the R. F. by 63,360.
2. Being given the R. F. to construct a graphical scale to read yards. Let us assume that 1/21120 is the R. F. givenβthat is to say, one inch on the map represents 21,120 inches on the ground, but, as there are 36 inches in one yard, 21,120 inches = 21,120/36 yds. = 586.66 yds.βthat is, one inch on the map represents 586.66 yds. on the ground. Now, suppose about a 6-inch scale is desired. Since one inch on the map = 586.66 yards on the ground, 6 inches (map) = 586.66 Γ 6 = 3,519.96 yards (ground). In order to get as nearly a 6-inch scale as possible to represent even hundreds of yards, let us assume 3,500 yards to be the total number to be represented by the scale. The question then resolves itself into this: How many inches on the map are necessary to represent 3,500 yards on the ground. Since, as we have seen, one inch (map) = 586.66 yards (ground), as many inches are necessary to show 3,500 yards as 586.66 is contained in 3,500; or 3500/586.66 = 5.96 inches.
Now lay off with a scale of equal parts the distance A-I (Figure 3) = 5.96 inches (about 5 and 91/2 tenths), and divided it into 7 equal parts by the construction shown in figure, as follows: Draw a line A-H, making any convenient angle with A-I, and lay off 7 equal convenient lengths (A-B, B-C, C-D, etc.), so as to bring H about opposite to I. Join H and I and draw the intermediate lines through B, C, etc., parallel to H-I. These lines divide A-I into 7 equal parts, each 500 yards long. The left part, called the Extension, is similarly divided into 5 equal parts, each representing 100 yards.
3. To construct a scale for a map with no scale. In this case, measure the distance between any two definite points on the ground represented, by pacing or otherwise, and scale off the corresponding map distance. Then see how the distance thus measured corresponds with the distance on the map between the two points. For example, let us suppose that the distance on the ground between two given points is one mile and that the distance between the corresponding points on the map is 3/4 inch. We would, therefore, see that 3/4 inch on the map = one mile on the ground. Hence 1/4 inch would represent 1/3 of a mile, and 4β4, or one inch, would represent 4 Γ 1/3 = 4/3 = 11/3 miles.
The R. F. is found as follows:
R. F. 1 inch/(11/3 mile) = 1 inch/(63,360 Γ 11/3 inches) = 1/84480.
From this a scale of yards is constructed as above (2).
4. To construct a graphical scale from a scale expressed in unfamiliar units. There remains one more problem, which occurs when there is a scale on the map in words and figures, but it is expressed in unfamiliar units, such as the meter (= 39.37 inches), strides of a man or horse, rate of travel of column, etc. If a noncommissioned officer should come into possession of such a map, it would be impossible for him to have a correct idea of the distances on the map. If the scale were in inches to miles or yards, he would estimate the distance between any two points on the map to be so many inches and at once know the corresponding distance on the ground in miles or yards. But suppose the scale found on the map to be one inch = 100 strides (ground), then estimates could not be intelligently made by one unfamiliar with the length of the stride used. However, suppose the stride was 60 inches long; we would then have this: Since 1 stride = 60 inches, 100 strides = 6,000 inches. But according to our supposition, 1 inch on the map = 100 strides on the ground; hence 1 inch on the map = 6,000 inches on the ground, and we have as our R. F., 1 inch (map)/6,000 inches (ground) = 1/6000. A graphical scale can now be constructed as in (2).
Problems in Scales1864. The following problems should be solved to become familiar with the construction of scales:
Problem No. 1. The R. F. of a map is 1/1000. Required: 1. The distance in miles shown by one inch on the map; 2. To construct a graphical scale of yards; also one to read miles.
Problem No. 2. A map has a graphical scale on which 1.5 inches reads 500 strides. 1. What is the R. F. of the map? 2. How many miles are represented by 1 inch?
Problem No.
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