Latin for Beginners by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge (bill gates books recommendations txt) 📕

{ capiāmur, trādāmur, videāmus,
                        { necēmur, rapiāmur, resistāmus.
  3. Mittit nūntiōs quī { dicant, audiant, veniant,
                        { nārrent, audiantur, in conciliō sedeant.
  4. Castra mūniunt { sēsē dēfendant, impetum sustineant,
         quō facilius { hostīs vincant, salūtem petant.

II. 1. The Helvetii send ambassadors to seek[1] peace. 2. They are setting out at daybreak in order that they may make a longer march before night. 3. They will hide the women in the forest (acc. with «in») that they may not be captured. 4. The Gauls wage many wars to free[1] their fatherland from slavery. 5. They will resist the Romans[2] bravely lest they be destroyed.

[Footnote 1: Not infinitive.]

[Footnote 2: Not accusative.]

LESSON LXIII INFLECTION OF THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES

«354.» The imperfect subjunctive may be formed by adding the personal endings to the present active infinitive.

     CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
     ACTIVE
  1. amā´rem monē´rem re´gerem ca´perem audī´rem
  2. amā´rēs monē´rēs re´gerēs ca´perēs audī´rēs
  3. amā´ret monē´ret re´geret ca´peret audī´ret

1. amārē´mus monērē´mus regerē´mus caperē´mus audīrē´mus 2. amārē´tis monērē´tis regerē´tis caperē´tis audīrē´tis 3. amā´rent monē´rent re´gerent ca´perent audī´rent

     PASSIVE
  1. amā´rer monē´rer re´gerer ca´perer audī´rer
  2. amārē´ris monērē´ris regerē´ris caperē´ris audīrē´ris
          (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re)
  3. amārē´tur monērē´tur regerē´tur caperē´tur audīrē´tur

1. amārē´mur monērē´mur regerē´mur caperē´mur audīrē´mur 2. amārē´minī monērē´minī regerē´minī caperē´minī audīre´minī 3. amāren´tur monēren´tur regeren´tur caperen´tur audīren´tur

a. In a similar way inflect the imperfect subjunctive, active and passive, of «cūrō», «iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō».

«355.» The imperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb «sum» is inflected as follows:

        { 1. es´sem { 1. essē´mus
  SING. { 2. es´sēs PLURAL { 2. essē´tis
        { 3. es´set { 3. es´sent

«356.» The three great distinctions of time are present, past, and future. All tenses referring to present or future time are called «primary tenses», and those referring to past time are called «secondary tenses». Now it is a very common law of language that in a complex sentence the tense in the dependent clause should be of the same kind as the tense in the principal clause. In the sentence He «says» that he «is» coming, the principal verb, says, is present, that is, is in a primary tense; and is coming, in the dependent clause, is naturally also primary. If I change he says to he said,—in other words, if I make the principal verb secondary in character,—I feel it natural to change the verb in the dependent clause also, and I say, He «said» that he «was» coming. This following of a tense by another of the same kind is called tense sequence, from sequī, “to follow.”

In Latin the law of tense sequence is obeyed with considerable regularity, especially when an indicative in the principal clause is followed by a subjunctive in the dependent clause. Then a primary tense of the indicative is followed by a primary tense of the subjunctive, and a secondary tense of the indicative is followed by a secondary tense of the subjunctive. Learn the following table:

«357.» TABLE FOR SEQUENCE OF TENSES

+——-+—————————-+—————————————————————-+
| | PRINCIPAL VERB | DEPENDENT VERBS IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE |
| P | IN THE +——————————-+——————————-+
| R | INDICATIVE | Incomplete or | Completed Action |
| I | | Continuing Action | |
| M +—————————-+——————————-+——————————-+
| A | Present | | |
| R | Future | Present | Perfect |
| T | Future perfect | | |
+——-+—————————-+——————————-+——————————-+
| S D | | | |
| E A | Imperfect | | |
| C R | Perfect | Imperfect | Pluperfect |
| O Y | Pluperfect | | |
| N- | | | |
+——-+—————————-+——————————-+——————————-+

«358.» RULE. «Sequence of Tenses.» Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses and secondary by secondary.

«359.» EXAMPLES

I. Primary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:

  «Mittit» }
  «Mittet» } «hominēs ut agrōs vāstent»
  «Mīserit» }

       { sends } { that they may }
  He { will send } men { in order to }
       { will have sent } { to lay waste the fields }

II. Secondary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:

  «Mittēbat»}
  «Mīsit» } «hominēs ut agrōs vāstārent»
  «Mīserat» }

       { was sending } { that they might }
  He { sent or has sent } men { in order to }
       { had sent } { to lay waste the fields }

«360.» EXERCISES

I.
  1. Vēnerant ut {dūcerent, mitterent, vidērent, audīrent,
                 {dūcerentur, mitterentur, vidērentur, audirentur

  2. Fugiēbat nē {caperētur, trāderētur, vidērētur,
                 {necārētur, raperētur, resisteret.

  3. Misit nūntiōs quī {dīcerent, audīrent, venīrent
                       {nārrārent, audīrentur, in conciliō sedērent.

4. Castra mūnīvērunt {sēsē dēfenderent, impetum sustinērent, quō facilius {hostīs vincerent, salūtem peterent.

II. 1. Cæsar encouraged the soldiers in order that they might fight more bravely. 2. The Helvetii left their homes to wage war. 3. The scouts set out at once lest they should be captured by the Germans. 4. Cæsar inflicted punishment on them in order that the others might be more terrified. 5. He sent messengers to Rome to announce the victory.

LESSON LXIV THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

«361.» The perfect and the pluperfect subjunctive active are inflected as follows:

     CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV
     PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE
     SINGULAR
  1. amā´verim monu´erim rē´xerim cē´perim audī´verim
  2. amā´veris monu´eris rē´xeris cē´peris audī´veris
  3. amā´verit monu´erit rē´xerit cē´perit audī´verit

     PLURAL
  1. amāve´rimus monue´rimus rēxe´rimus cēpe´rimus audīve´rimus
  2. amāve´ritis monue´ritis rēxe´ritis cēpe´ritis audīve´ritis
  3. amā´verint monu´erint rē´xerint cē´perint audī´verint

     PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE
     SINGULAR
  1. amāvis´sem monuis´sem rēxis´sem cēpis´sem audīvis´sem
  2. amāvis´sēs monuis´sēs rēxis´sēs cēpis´sēs audīvis´sēm
  3. amāvis´set monuis´set rēxis´set cēpis´set audīvis´set

     PLURAL
  1. amāvissē´mus monuissē´mus rēxissē´mus cēpissē´mus audīvissē´mus
  2. amāvissē´tis monuissē´tis rēxissē´tis cēpissē´tis audīvissē´tis
  3. amāvis´sent monuis´sent rēxis´sent cēpis´sent audīvis´sent

a. Observe that these two tenses, like the corresponding ones in the indicative, are formed from the perfect stem.

b. Observe that the perfect subjunctive active is like the future perfect indicative active, excepting that the first person singular ends in «-m» and not in «-ō».

c. Observe that the pluperfect subjunctive active may be formed by adding «-issem, -issēs», etc. to the perfect stem.

    d. In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive
    active of «cūrō», «iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō».

«362.» The passive of the perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with «sim», the present subjunctive of «sum.»

     CONJ. I CONJ. II