Latin for Beginners by Benjamin Leonard D'Ooge (bill gates books recommendations txt) 📕

| | | Gen. | domin-ae | of the lady, | The possessor | | | | or the lady’s | of something | | | | | | | Dat. | domin-ae | to or for | Expressing the relation | | | | the lady | to or for, | | | | | especially the | | | | | indirect object | | | | | | | Acc. | domin-am | the lady | The direct object | | | | | | | Abl. | domin-ā | _from, with, by, | Separation (from), | | | | in, the lady_ | association or means | | | | | (with, by), place | | | | | where or time when | | | | | (in, at) | +————+————————+—————————-+————————————-+ | | | PLURAL | | +————+————————+—————————-+————————————-+ | Nom. | domin-ae | the ladies | | | | | | | | Gen. | domin-ā´rum | of the ladies, | | | | | or the ladies’ | | | | | | | | Dat. | domin-īs | to or for | The same as | | | | the ladies | the singular | | | | | | | Acc. | domin-ās | the ladies | | | | | | | | Abl. | domin-īs | from, with, by, | | | | | in, the ladies | | +————+————————+—————————-+————————————-+

«58.» «The Base.» That part of a word which remains unchanged in inflection and to which the terminations are added is called the «base».

Thus, in the declension above, «domin-» is the base and «-a» is the termination of the nominative singular.

«59.» Write the declension of the following nouns, separating the base from the termination by a hyphen. Also give them orally.

«pugna», «terra», «lūna», «ancil´la», «corō´na», «īn´sula», «silva»

«60.» «Gender.» In English, names of living beings are either masculine or feminine, and names of things without life are neuter. This is called «natural gender». Yet in English there are some names of things to which we refer as if they were feminine; as, “Have you seen my yacht? She is a beauty.” And there are some names of living beings to which we refer as if they were neuter; as, “Is the baby here? No, the nurse has taken it home.” Some words, then, have a gender quite apart from sex or real gender, and this is called «grammatical gender».

Latin, like English, has three genders. Names of males are usually masculine and of females feminine, but names of things have grammatical gender and may be either masculine, feminine, or neuter. Thus we have in Latin the three words, «lapis», a stone; «rūpēs», a cliff; and «saxum», a rock. «Lapis» is masculine, «rūpēs» feminine, and «saxum» neuter. The gender can usually be determined by the ending of the word, and must always be learned, for without knowing the gender it is impossible to write correct Latin.

«61.» «Gender of First-Declension Nouns.» Nouns of the first declension are feminine unless they denote males. Thus «silva» is feminine, but «nauta», sailor, and «agricola», farmer, are masculine.

«62.» EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 284.

I. 1. Agricola cum fīliā in casā habitat. 2. Bona fīlia agricolae cēnam parat. 3. Cēna est grāta agricolae[1] et agricola bonam fīliam laudat. 4. Deinde fīlia agricolae gallīnās ad cēnam vocat. 5. Gallīnae fīliam agricolae amant. 6. Malae fīliae bonās cēnās nōn parant. 7. Fīlia agricolae est grāta dominae. 8. Domina in īnsulā magnā habitat. 9. Domina bonae puellae parvae pecūniam dat.

II. 1. Where does the farmer live? 2. The farmer lives in the small cottage. 3. Who lives with the farmer? 4. (His) little daughter lives with the farmer. 5. (His) daughter is getting («parat») a good dinner for the farmer. 6. The farmer praises the good dinner. 7. The daughter’s good dinner is pleasing to the farmer.

[Footnote 1: Note that the relation expressed by the dative case covers that to which a feeling is directed. (Cf. §43.)]

[Illustration]

What Latin words are suggested by this picture?

«63.» CONVERSATION

Answer the questions in Latin.

1. Quis cum agricolā in casā habitat? 2. Quid bona fīlia agricolae parat? 3. Quem agricola laudat? 4. Vocatne fīlia agricolae gallīnās ad cēnam? 5. Cuius fīlia est grāta dominae? 6. Cui domina pecūniam dat?

LESSON VIII

FIRST DECLENSION (Continued)

[Special Vocabulary]

  NOUNS
  «Italia, -ae», f., Italy
   Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily
  «tuba, -ae», f., trumpet (tube)
  «via, -ae», f., way, road, street (viaduct)

  ADJECTIVES
  «alta», high, deep (altitude)
  «clāra», clear, bright; famous
  «lāta», wide (latitude)
  «longa», long (longitude)
  «nova», new (novelty)

«64.» We have for some time now been using adjectives and nouns together and you have noticed an agreement between them in case and in number (§54). They agree also in gender. In the phrase «silva magna», we have a feminine adjective in «-a» agreeing with a feminine noun in «-a».

«65.»