MY SCHOOL by Dr .Nilesh Gopal das Joshi (beginner reading books for adults .txt) 📕

.

d 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dedicated to MY FAMILY

Chapter: 1 SCHOOL ORGANIZATION: ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT

SCHOOL ORGANIZATION: ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT

ORGANIZATION, ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT DIFFERENTIATED

ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION

In order to have a clear-cut understanding of the two terms organization and administration, let us take a simple example. Organization is just like setting up a machine. The various parts of the machine are put together by the organizer and thus the machine comes into being. When the machine comes into existence, its proper functioning and operation is administration. One in the absence of the other is meaningless.

Organization is the pre-execution stage, whereas administration is the execution stage. The two terms are inseparable. They are interdependent. Thus good organization results in good administration and good administration causes good organization.so, we can say that organization determines the degree of success in administration.

Organization may be poor to begin with. It can be improved upon by the administrator through his administration. Organization is a part of administration. We cannot have administration without organization. Both organization and administration are in the hands of the management. The management fixes up the goal of education, decides the policy matter, provides finances for organization and administration and hence helps in achieving the goal.

Concepts of Organization and Administration

The effectiveness of an organization is enhanced:

By having a single executive head

By clear definition of goals and purposes

When every person in the organization knows to whom and for what he/she is responsible

When superordinates delegate authority to subordinates

By the division of labour and task specialization

By the development of standardized procedures for routine administrative operation

By assigning to each administrator no greater a number of persons than the administrator can supervise directly.

By continuing policies and programs until results can be evaluated

When it makes provision for innovation and change

When the organization provides security for its members

By personnel policies, which include selecting the competent, training the inexperienced, eliminating the incompetent, and providing incentives for all members of the organization

When provision is made for evaluating not only the products of the organization, but also the organization itself

 

ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT

Administration is a process of systematically arranging and co-ordinating the human and material resources available to any organization for the main purpose of achieving stipulated goals of that organization. When applied to the school system, the process is referred to as Educational Administration or School Administration. Administration is a term used to refer more to Government business. Administration occurs in every organization. The basic aim of administration is the need to get things done for defined objectives to be accomplished.

Educational Administration is the process of bringing men and materials together for effective and functional teaching and learning in the school. The focus of educational administration is the enhancement of teaching and learning. We can define educational administration as a process through which the school administrators arrange and co-ordinate the resources available to education, for the purpose of achieving the goals of the educational system.

Management:

Management is a term most often used to describe industrial activities. Management is a social process which is designed to ensure the cooperation, participation, intervention and involvement of others in the effective achievement of a given or pre-determined goal or objective.

The term management is derived from an Italian word “maneggiare” which means to “train horses” or literally “to handle”. From the French word “maneger’, it means to economize and manage an act of guiding or leading. Etymologically therefore, it means to handle, direct, economically guide and lead.

Management is an integrating process by which authorized individuals create, maintain and operate an organization in the selection and accomplishment of its aims. Management is getting things done through others. Management is the co-ordination of all resources of an organization through the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling in order to attain objectives (educational). It is the direction or guidance of people towards organizational goals and objectives.

So, management is the effective organization and utilization of human and material resources in a particular system for the achievement of identified objectives.

Why Administration and Management are sometimes used synonymously.

Administration is a component part of management. Administration is widely applied in associations and government services and non-profit organizations.

Management is usually applied when considering the executive functions and the expertise in government and civil services. But management encompasses much more than administration – it involves the work of analyzing and preparing complex policy documents for decision by political decision makers. Management is basically concerned with the formation of plans, progammes and polices while administration is principally responsible for the execution or implementation of these plans, programmes and policies. Administrators are implementators while management is formulating programme.

Administration, like management also involves such elements as planning, organizing, programming, staffing, budgeting, co-ordinating, reporting and evaluating, but on a smaller scale than management.

Organization and management are equally interchanged or jointly and inseparably applied occasionally. Organization refers to the structure or forms of an enterprise and the arrangement of all parts in a manner suitable for use in service.

Management includes all those in charge of the direction of the work of others, those who will see to it that the parts so arranged and structured are used in service to the best advantage.

Administration is also, an integral part of an organization. Here it is characterized as a service, an activity or a tool through which the fundamental objectives of the process may be more fully and efficiently realized. The school is an organization in the organization.

For effective school administration, the administrator needs to be knowledgeable in the theories, techniques and principles of school administration as a guide for action when necessary.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCHOOL ORGANIZATION, ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT

School

The term school, originated from the Greek word ‘Skhole’, meaning leisure. The concept of leisure was associated with ‘school’ mainly because in ancient Greece, general education was not available to all members of the society. It was the privilege of the ‘rich’ and ‘highest class’ of the society.

W.M.Ryburn: School is a co-operative society or a society where co-operation is sought.

SCHOOL ORGANIZATION

Organization is directly concerned with planning and efforts made by the people. It is a medium through which goals and objectives envisaged by the administration are realized. Organization stands for a structure, framework, system or an organized body. It is concerned with the process of rules and regulations, form, calendars, schedules, material equipment, human equipment, workshops, laboratories, infrastructure facilities etc.

‘School organization means looking after the internal and external affairs of the school, the proper use of the resources available and taking proper cared of the resources so that teaching and learning can take place in a better way.’ Schools organization means the act of organizing all available physical and human resources in an organized manner to attain the objectives of education.

Elsbree’s – Organization of a school is the administrative expression of educational theory.

Stead’s – The organization as that agency by which we achieve the desire adjectives.

Aims and objective of school organization

The tremendous explosion of knowledge both in the content of subject matter and pedagogy has important implications for school organization. Even through teachers are professionally competent, they need to support the system – school organization – to put their theories into practice. The aims and objectives of school organization are:

To organize the school for democratic living

To plan for all-round development of students

To develop a permissive atmosphere

Need for School Organization

The schools are organized for the betterment of the society. School is a miniature form of society. It aims to benefit the society. The society is incessantly growing and developing. Without the organization of the schools, the growth of society may remain incomplete and unsystematic. It is the organization of the school that sets things right. Thus, school gives a reflection of the society where it is established and for which it is meant.

Organization, like fire is a good servant, but a bad master. When fire is under the control of man, it works wonders. Man can use it for various purposes. But as soon as it goes out of control, it can cause destruction. Organization proves quite useful when it is under the control of the Head. The Head should be able to mould it in any way he likes. The society is undergoing changes from time to time. So, the best organization is fluid and not static.

Scope of School Organization

In a democratic educational system emphasis is laid upon the all-round development of the individual. Hence, the scope of the organization of the school is very wide. Primarily, the following aspects are covered by this:

1. The qualifications of the headmaster of the school, their duties and their timetable.

2. The drawing up of the syllabus from the point of view of the social good.

3. Periods of work, chalking out and implementation of plans.

4. Management of co-curricular activities, discipline and control, the school building, furniture in the classrooms, libraries etc.

5. The scheme of admission, progress and examination.

6. The examining of work pertaining to the income and expenditure of the school.

7. The mutual relationship between the society and school.

SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION

Administration is derived from the Latin word ‘monistic’ which mean service rendered to others for their welfare. The dictionary meaning is “management of business”, “management of public affairs”, “government” etc.,

C.V. Good: All those techniques and procedures in operating the educational organization in accordance with established policies is defined as administration. It is concerned with both human and material resources.

School administration has its attention primarily on the school. It is more concerned with the institution, its goals, policies, and execution of these policies. School administration is concerned with institutional policies, their direction and control.

Objectives of school administration

To organise the school life in such a way as to provide social life to the students so that they may be prepared in the ‘Art of Living Together’. The school has its own community life which can be used as an excellent training ground for citizenship.

To make the school a place of community centre

To provide initiative and freedom to the students and the teachers

To organise co-curricular activities

To help each pupil in the unfolding and blossoming of his personality

To prepare the students for vocation in line with their abilities and aptitudes.

To develop ethical judgment and aesthetic appreciation based on a correct philosophy of life.

To train them in scientific attitude towards life and its problems

The Scope of School Administration

It is important to identify the task areas of the school administrator.

There are five main areas:

1 The curriculum/Instructional Functions

2 The Staff Personnel Functions

3 Student Personnel Functions

4 Financial and Physical Resources Functions

5 The School Community Relations Functions

The Curriculum/Instructional Functions

Since the ultimate goal of educational administration is teaching and learning, curriculum development and programme management constitute an important area. The education administrator ensures that instruction is directed to the requirement of examination bodies. He/she is the academic change facilitator and academic change agent. He/she should, therefore, change the curriculum as and when necessary to serve the needs and reflect the aspirations of the society. Work scheduling is an important function of the school administrator as an instructional manager and supervisor. He/she ensures that allocation of staff to their correct disciplines and equally supervises to ensure that their teaching contents are in line with the current and relevant syllabus and