MY SCHOOL by Dr .Nilesh Gopal das Joshi (beginner reading books for adults .txt) 📕

be provided to the affected children, before actual medical treatment. Besides this, one may not contact a doctor at all places and all moments. Therefore, in between accident and proper medical treatment, some effective treatment in an emergency situation is technically known as first-aid.

           

First aid is the immediate care given to victims of accidents before trained medical workers arrive. Its goal is to stop and, if possible, reverse harm. It involves rapid and simple measures such as clearing the air passageway, applying pressure to bleeding wounds or dousing chemical burns to eyes or skin.

SHOCK

Shock is that feeble condition of nervous system which is the result of sudden accident. Electric shocks are very common.

Symptoms of shock

Weakness after fainting especially on standing up. Vomiting sensation Cold damp skin Too much sweating even in cold weather Severe thirst Restlessness, mental confusion or loss of consciousness Weak rapid pulse (more than 100 per minute)

Treatment of shock

Have the pupil lie down with his/her feet higher than his head. If the shock is due to a head injury, do not raise the feet. Make them sit propped up (half sitting position against a pillow). If the pupil feels cold, cover him/her with a blanket. If the pupil is conscious, give them warm water or other lukewarm drinks. If the shock is due to injury (accidents, stab wounds) then do not give anything to drink. Get medical help fast. If the pupil is in pain, give aspirin or any other pain medicine. Keep calm and reassure the pupil.

ELECTRIC SHOCK

 

Electricity can enter the body from any live point of contact. It then seeks its way through tissues and out of the body along the easiest conduction paths open to it. Water is a good conductor. Wet skin offers danger when in touch with electricity. Most metals are good conductors too, and should be properly insulated on electrical apparatus. Current which is given an opportunity to reach earth will take it; the electrocuted man is at the highest risk if 9 himself is earthed. He might be standing directly on the ground wearing footwear which offers little insulation. A really perilous situation is when one is touching live terminals while the feet are on a metal substance leading directly to the ground, like a bath or water pipes.

 

EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY

Electricity can burn, its point of entry into the body show charring of the skin. The surface area may look deceptively small and innocuous but beneath it, the current could have fanned out, damaging muscles, nerves and blood vessels. Even the smallest mark on the skin merits medical advice. Electricity can send muscles into spasm. This could tear muscle fibers and, in particularly severe cases, cause fracture of bones to which strong muscles are attached. Sometimes the muscles of finger which have inadvertently grasped a live object (electric appliance) contract firmly around it. The victim cannot let go and remains in contact. However , the violent muscle spasms throw the body some distance, with the risk of fractures Electricity can kill.

FIRST AID

Disconnect the victim from the current at once (switch off the current or pull on the plug or its insulated cord to free it from the socket). If the patient has stopped breathing use artificial respiration. Check for other injuries and treat them (fracture, wound, dislocation etc.). Keep on watching your patient.

BURNS and SCALDS

 

Meaning of ‘burn’: When the body is burnt with something hot or a flame, it is called ‘burn’.

Meaning of Scalds: ‘Scald’ implies burning with steam, hot liquid matter like ghee, milk,oil and water etc.

Burns are a major cause of accidental death among children. They are caused by extremes of temperature (hot and cold), friction, chemicals or radiation. Scalds are burns caused by wet heat such as steam or hot liquids, Electricity is another possible cause of burns.

Burns and scalds are serious because, as the skin is broken, they allow infection to enter the body. Superficial burns affect only the surface layers of the skin-the skin will become red soon after the burn. Deep burns go through the layers of the skin, and the skin may be grey and charred. There are three primary types of burns: first-, second-, and third-degree. Each degree is based on the severity of damage to the skin, with first-degree being the most minor and third-degree being the most severe.  Damage includes:

First degree burns: red, non-blistered skin Second-degree burns: blisters and some thickening of the skin
Third-degree burns: widespread thickness with a white, leathery appearance

 

TREATMENTS FOR A BURN INCLUDE:

You should contact a doctor or hospital if the burn or scald:

Covers an area more than one centimeter (1/2 in) in diameter
is deeper than the surface of the skin Has been caused by an electrical current Is anywhere on a baby.

Blisters-small bubbles of fluid-may form under the skin after a burn. These are caused by body fluid leaking into the burnt area under the surface of the skin and during healing, new skin will form under the surface of skin will form under the blister. You should never break the blister on purpose, as this will increase the risk of infection.

 

For All Burns

Stop Burning Immediately Put out fire or stop the person's contact with hot liquid, steam, or other material. Help the person "stop, drop, and roll" to smother flames. Remove contact material from the person. Remove hot or burned clothing. If clothing sticks to skin, cut or tear around it. Remove Constrictive Clothing Immediately Take off jewellery, belts, and tight clothing. Burns can swell quickly.

Then take the following steps:

 

For First-Degree Burns (Affecting Top Layer of Skin)

 

Cool Burn Hold burned skin under cool (not cold) running water or immerse in cool water until pain subsides. Use compresses if running water isn’t available. Protect Burn Cover with sterile, non-adhesive bandage or clean cloth. Do not apply butter or ointments, which can cause infection. Treat Pain Give over-the-counter pain reliever such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), acetaminophen (Tylenol), or naproxen (Aleve).

4.When to See a Doctor

Seek medical help if:

You see signs of infection, like increased pain, redness, swelling, fever, or oozing. The person needs tetanus or booster shot, depending on date of last injection. Tetanus booster should be given every 10 years. The burn blister is larger than two inches or oozes. Redness and pain last more than a few hours if Pain worsens. Follow Up The doctor will examine the burn and may prescribe antibiotics and pain medication.

For Second-Degree Burns (Affecting Top 2 Layers of Skin)

Cool Burn Immerse in cool water for 10 or 15 minutes. Use compresses if running water isn’t available. Don’t apply ice. It can lower body temperature and cause further pain and damage. Don’t break blisters or apply butter or ointments, which can cause infection. Protect Burn Prevent Shock Cover loosely with sterile, non-stick bandage and secure in place with gauze or tape.

Unless the person has a head, neck, or leg injury, or it would cause discomfort:

Lay the person flat. Elevate feet about 12 inches. Elevate burn area above heart level, if possible. Cover the person with coat or blanket.

4.Consult a Doctor

The doctor can test burn severity, prescribe antibiotics and pain medications, and administer a tetanus shot, if needed.

For Third-Degree Burns

 

Call ambulance service Protect Burn Area Cover loosely with sterile, non-stick bandage or, for large areas, a sheet or other material that that won’t leave lint in wound. Separate burned toes and fingers with dry, sterile dressings. Do not soak burn in water or apply ointments or butter, which can cause infection. Prevent Shock

Unless the person has a head, neck, or leg injury or it would cause discomfort:

Lay the person flat. Elevate feet about 12 inches. Elevate burn area above heart level, if possible. Cover the person with coat or blanket. For an airway burn, do not place pillow under the person's head when the person is lying down. This can close the airway. Have a person with a facial burn sit up. Check pulse and breathing to monitor for shock until emergency help arrives. See a Doctor Doctors will give oxygen and fluid, if needed, and treat the burn.

 

 

DROWNING

 

Drowning is defined as respiratory impairment from being in or under a liquid. In a drowning emergency, the sooner the victim is removed from the water and first aid is administered, the greater the opportunity the victim has for surviving.

 

The focus of the first aid for a drowning victim in the water is to get oxygen into the lungs. depending upon the circumstances, if there is concerned that a neck injury is a possibility care should be taken to minimize movement of the neck.

            Drowning causes asphyxia either by water flooding the lungs or by causing the throat to go into spasm, there by blocking the airway. quick action can save the victims life and your priority is to get air into his lungs as fast as possible, if necessary even if you are still in the water. But take care you do not put your life in danger; unless you are a strong and experienced swimmer, you should not attempt a rescue from deep water or where there is a strong current.

In artificial respiration some steps may be taken:

Place the person on his/her abdomen. Bend the elbows and place one hand on top of the other. Turn the face to one side and place cheek on their hands.

Position of First-aid operator

Face the patient and kneel down with one knee on each side and close to the person’s head. Place your hands on the person’s back with tips of thumbs, touching and fingers spreadout. Draw arms upward and towards you. Lift the elbow just enough to feel resistance at the person’s shoulders. Keep your elbows straight as you rock backward. Lower the subject’s arm to the ground. This completes the cycle.

The chest expands when the arms are lifted. Repeat the full cycle 12 times per minute at a steady, regular, uniform rate. Persons have been known to revive after one hours application of artificial respiration.

First aid for drowning

 

Assessing in the situation Determine whether the person is drowning. active drowning victims are conscious but are struggling and unable to call for help. Shout for help. Decide which rescue method to use. Proceed with the rescue.

 

Performing a reaching assist Lie faced down on the edge of the pool or dock. Locate the shepherds crook there is a long metal pole with a hook on the end that can be used either as a handle for the victim to grab, or as a device to wrap around the victim in the event that the victim is unable to hold onto it himself. Stand slightly away from the deck. make sure the hook is not near the person’s neck, since this could lead to injury. You will feel a sharp tug when the person finds the crook. Pull the person to safety. Performing a throwing assist Find a floating aid. (a ring buoy, life jacket floating cushion etc.) Throw the floating aid. Performing a swimming rescue Be sure of your swimming abilities. victims are often thrashing and panicking which can make it hazardous to perform a swimming rescue. Drive in with the aid. do not attempt a swimming rescue without a buoy on hand. Swim to the victim. Swim back to shore Caring for the victim after the rescue. As if the person’s ABC – airway, breathing and circulation. start CPR give breaths if the person is still not breathing. only give breaths if you are trained in CPR. begin by tilting the head back and lifting the person’s chin. pinch the nose, cover the victims mouth with yours, and give one or two seconds breath. watch to make sure the chest is rising. follow two breaths with thirty chest compressions. Determine whether the person is drowning. active drowning victims are conscious but are struggling and unable to call for help. Shout for help. Decide which rescue method to use. Proceed with the rescue.

Additional Instructions

Start artificial respiration as soon as the person is removed from the water. Put the head a little lower than the body to allow fluid to flow out of the mouth more easily. Keep the head extended so that the neck will be straight. If the head falls forward or if the chin falls on the chest, the air passages may be cut-off. Remove false teeth and see that the tongue is not blocking air passages. Keep the person warm. Have a second or third first-aid operator available so that each person will work in turns of 10-20 minutes each. Maintain the rhythm when changing operators. Keep crowd away from the apparently drowned person.

FIRE

When a person’s clothes are on fire, they must not run for help. Running causes, a draught which