The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor Dostoyevsky (easy to read books for adults list .txt) 📕

An Historical Survey

“THE medical experts have striven to convince us that the prisoner

is out of his mind and, in fact, a maniac. I maintain that he is in

his right mind, and that if he had not been, he would have behaved

more cleverly. As for his being a maniac, that I would agree with, but

only in one point, that is, his fixed idea about the three thousand.

Yet I think one might find a much simpler cause than his tendency to

insanity. For my part I agree thoroughly with the young doctor who

maintained that the prisoner’s mental faculties have always been

normal, and that he has only been irritable and exasperated. The

object of the prisoner’s continual and violent anger was not the sum

itself; there was a special motive at the bottom of it. That motive is

jealousy!”

Here Ippolit Kirillovitch described at length the prisoner’s fatal

passion for Grushenka. He began from the moment when the prisoner went

to the “young person’s” lodgings “to beat her”- “I use his own

expression,” the prosecutor explained- “but instead of beating her, he

remained there, at her feet. That was the beginning of the passion. At

the same time the prisoner’s father was captivated by the same young

persona strange and fatal coincidence, for they both lost their

hearts to her simultaneously, though both had known her before. And

she inspired in both of them the most violent, characteristically

Karamazov passion. We have her own confession: ‘I was laughing at both

of them.’ Yes, the sudden desire to make a jest of them came over her,

and she conquered both of them at once. The old man, who worshipped

money, at once set aside three thousand roubles as a reward for one

visit from her, but soon after that, he would have been happy to lay

his property and his name at her feet, if only she would become his

lawful wife. We have good evidence of this. As for the prisoner, the

tragedy of his fate is evident; it is before us. But such was the

young person’s ‘game.’ The enchantress gave the unhappy young man no

hope until the last moment, when he knelt before her, stretching out

hands that were already stained with the blood of his father and

rival. It was in that position that he was arrested. ‘Send me to

Siberia with him, I have brought him to this, I am most to blame,’ the

woman herself cried, in genuine remorse at the moment of his arrest.

“The talented young man, to whom I have referred already, Mr.

Rakitin, characterised this heroine in brief and impressive terms:

‘She was disillusioned early in life, deceived and ruined by a

betrothed, who seduced and abandoned her. She was left in poverty,

cursed by her respectable family and taken under the protection of a

wealthy old man, whom she still, however, considers as her benefactor.

There was perhaps much that was good in her young heart, but it was

embittered too early. She became prudent and saved money. She grew

sarcastic and resentful against society.’ After this sketch of her

character it may well be understood that she might laugh at both of

them simply from mischief, from malice.

“After a month of hopeless love and moral degradation, during

which he betrayed his betrothed and appropriated money entrusted to

his honour, the prisoner was driven almost to frenzy, almost to

madness by continual jealousy-and of whom? His father! And the

worst of it was that the crazy old man was alluring and enticing the

object of his affection by means of that very three thousand

roubles, which the son looked upon as his own property, part of his

inheritance from his mother, of which his father was cheating him.

Yes, I admit it was hard to bear! It might well drive a man to

madness. It was not the money, but the fact that this money was used

with such revolting cynicism to ruin his happiness!”

Then the prosecutor went on to describe how the idea of

murdering his father had entered the prisoner’s head, and

illustrated his theory with facts.

“At first he only talked about it in taverns-he was talking about

it all that month. Ah, he likes being always surrounded with

company, and he likes to tell his companions everything, even his most

diabolical and dangerous ideas; he likes to share every thought with

others, and expects, for some reason, that those he confides in will

meet him with perfect sympathy, enter into all his troubles and

anxieties, take his part and not oppose him in anything. If not, he

flies into a rage and smashes up everything in the tavern. (Then

followed the anecdote about Captain Snegiryov.) Those who heard the

prisoner began to think at last that he might mean more than

threats, and that such a frenzy might turn threats into actions.”

Here the prosecutor described the meeting of the family at the

monastery, the conversations with Alyosha, and the horrible scene of

violence when the prisoner had rushed into his father’s house just

after dinner.

“I cannot positively assert,” the prosecutor continued, “that

the prisoner fully intended to murder his father before that incident.

Yet the idea had several times presented itself to him, and he had

deliberated on it-for that we have facts, witnesses, and his own

words. I confess, gentlemen of the jury,” he added, “that till

to-day I have been uncertain whether to attribute to the prisoner

conscious premeditation. I was firmly convinced that he had pictured

the fatal moment beforehand, but had only pictured it, contemplating

it as a possibility. He had not definitely considered when and how

he might commit the crime.

“But I was only uncertain till to-day, till that fatal document

was presented to the court just now. You yourselves heard that young

lady’s exclamation, ‘It is the plan, the programme of the murder!’

That is how she defined that miserable, drunken letter of the

unhappy prisoner. And, in fact, from that letter we see that the whole

fact of the murder was premeditated. It was written two days before,

and so we know now for a fact that, forty-eight hours before the

perpetration of his terrible design, the prisoner swore that, if he

could not get money next day, he would murder his father in order to

take the envelope with the notes from under his pillow, as soon as

Ivan had left. ‘As soon as Ivan had gone away’- you hear that; so he

had thought everything out, weighing every circumstance, and he

carried it all out just as he had written it. The proof of

premeditation is conclusive; the crime must have been committed for

the sake of the money, that is stated clearly, that is written and

signed. The prisoner does not deny his signature.

“I shall be told he was drunk when he wrote it. But that does

not diminish the value of the letter, quite the contrary; he wrote

when drunk what he had planned when sober. Had he not planned it

when sober, he would not have written it when drunk. I shall be asked:

Then why did he talk about it in taverns? A man who premeditates such

a crime is silent and keeps it to himself. Yes, but he talked about it

before he had formed a plan, when he had only the desire, only the

impulse to it. Afterwards he talked less about it. On the evening he

wrote that letter at the Metropolis tavern, contrary to his custom

he was silent, though he had been drinking. He did not play billiards,

he sat in a corner, talked to no one. He did indeed turn a shopman out

of his seat, but that was done almost unconsciously, because he

could never enter a tavern without making a disturbance. It is true

that after he had taken the final decision, he must have felt

apprehensive that he had talked too much about his design

beforehand, and that this might lead to his arrest and prosecution

afterwards. But there was nothing for it; he could not take his

words back, but his luck had served him before, it would serve him

again. He believed in his star, you know! I must confess, too, that he

did a great deal to avoid the fatal catastrophe. ‘To-morrow I shall

try and borrow the money from everyone,’ as he writes in his

peculiar language,’ and if they won’t give it to me, there will be

bloodshed.’”

Here Ippolit Kirillovitch passed to a detailed description of

all Mitya’s efforts to borrow the money. He described his visit to

Samsonov, his journey to Lyagavy. “Harassed, jeered at, hungry,

after selling his watch to pay for the journey (though he tells us

he had fifteen hundred roubles on him-a likely story), tortured by

jealousy at having left the object of his affections in the town,

suspecting that she would go to Fyodor Pavlovitch in his absense, he

returned at last to the town, to find, to his joy, that she had not

been near his father. He accompanied her himself to her protector.

(Strange to say, he doesn’t seem to have been jealous of Samsonov,

which is psychologically interesting.) Then he hastens back to his

ambush in the back gardens, and then learns that Smerdyakov is in a

fit, that the other servant is ill-the coast is clear and he knows

the ‘signals’- what a temptation! Still he resists it; he goes off

to a lady who has for some time been residing in the town, and who

is highly esteemed among us, Madame Hohlakov. That lady, who had

long watched his career with compassion, gave him the most judicious

advice, to give up his dissipated life, his unseemly love-affair,

the waste of his youth and vigour in pot-house debauchery, and to

set off to Siberia to the gold mines: ‘that would be an outlet for

your turbulent energies, your romantic character, your