Graded Lessons in English by Alonzo Reed and Brainerd Kellogg (ebook reader with highlight function .txt) π
A TALK ON LANGUAGE.
The teacher is recommended, before assigning any lesson, to occupy the time of at least two or three recitations, in talking with his pupils about language, always remembering that, in order to secure the interest of his class, he must allow his pupils to take an active part in the exercise. The teacher should guide the thought of his class; but, if he attempt to do all the talking, he will find, when he concludes, that he has been left to do all the thinking.
We give below a few hints in conducting this talk on language, but the teacher is not expected to confine himself to them. He will, of course, be compelled, in some instanc
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SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular. Plural. 1. If I see, 1. If we see, 2. If you see, or 2. If you see, If thou see, 3. If he see; 3. If they see.
IMPERATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
2. See (you or thou); 2. See (you).
INFINITIVES.
PRESENT TENSE.
To see.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
To have seen.
PARTICIPLES.
PRESENT. PAST. PAST PERFECT.
Seeing, Seen, Having seen.
+To the Teacher+.βLet the pupils prefix do and did to the simple present see, and thus make the emphatic form of the present and the past tense.
Let can and must be used in place of may; and could, would, and should, in place of might.
Require the pupils to tell how each tense is formed, and to note all changes for agreement in number and person.
A majority of modern writers use the indicative forms instead of the subjunctive, in all of the tenses, unless it may be the present. The subjunctive forms of the verb to be are retained in the present and the past tense. Let the pupils understand that the mode and tense forms do not always correspond with the actual meaning. The ship sails next week. I may go to-morrow. The verbs sails and may go are present in form but future in meaning. If it rains by noon, he may not come. The verb rains is indicative in form but subjunctive in meaning.
The plural forms, You saw, You were, etc., are used in the singular also.
LESSON 93.
CONJUGATION OF THE VERBβSIMPLE FORM.
Fill out the following forms, using the principal parts of the verb walk. Pres., walk; Past, walked; Past Par., walked.
INDICATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular. Plural. 1. I Pres , 1. We Pres , 2. You Pres , 2. You Pres , Thou Pres est, 3. He Pres s; 3. They Pres .
PAST TENSE
1. I Past , 1. We Past , 2. You Past , 2. You Past , Thou Past st, 3. He Past ; 3. They Past .
FUTURE TENSE.
1. I shall Pres , 1. We will Pres , 2. You will Pres , 2. You will Pres , Thou wil-t Pres , 3. He will Pres ; 3. They will Pres .
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
1. I have Past Par., 1. We have Past Par., 2. You have Past Par., 2. You have Past Par., Thou ha-st Past Par., 3. He ha-s Past Par.; 3. They have Past Par..
PAST PERFECT TENSE.
1. I had Past Par., 1. We had Past Par., 2. You had Past Par., 2. You had Past Par., Thou had-st Past Par., 3. He had Past Par.; 3. They had Past Par..
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
1. I shall have Past Par., 1. We will have Past Par., 2. You will have Past Par., 2. You will have Past Par., Thou wil-t have Past Par., 3. He will have Past Par.; 3. They will have Past Par..
POTENTIAL MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
1. I may Pres. , 1. We may Pres. , 2. You may Pres. , 2. You may Pres. , Thou may-st Pres. , 3. He may Pres. ; 3. They may Pres. .
PAST TENSE.
1. I might Pres. , 1. We might Pres. , 2. You might Pres. , 2. You might Pres. , Thou mightst Pres. , 3. He might Pres. ; 3. They might Pres. .
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
1. I may have Past Par., 1. We may have Past Par., 2. You may have Past Par., 2. You may have Past Par., Thou may-st have Past Par., 3. He may have Past Par.; 3. They may have Past Par..
PAST PERFECT TENSE.
1. I might have Past Par., 1. We might have Past Par., 2. You might have Past Par., 2. You might have Past Par., Thou mightst have Past Par., 3. He might have Past Par.; 3. They might have Past Par..
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular. Plural. 1. If I Pres. , 1. If we Pres. , 2. If you Pres. , 2. If you Pres. , If thou Pres. , 3. If he Pres. ; 3. If they Pres. .
IMPERATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
2. Pres. (you or thou); 2. Pres. (you).
INFINITIVES.
PRESENT TENSE.
To Pres. .
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
To have Past Par..
PARTICIPLES.
PRESENT. PAST. PAST PERFECT. _Pres.ing_. Past Par. _Having Past Par._
+To the Teacher+.βLet the pupils fill out these forms with other verbs. In the indicative, present, third, singular, es is sometimes added instead of s; and in the second person, old style, st is sometimes added instead of est.
LESSON 94.
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB BE.
In studying this Lesson, pay no attention to the line at the right of each verb.
INDICATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular. Plural. 1. I am β-, 1. We are β-, 2. You are β- or 2. You are β-, Thou art β-, 3. He is β-; 3. They are β-.
PAST TENSE.
1. I was β-, 1. We were β-, 2. You were β-, or 2. You were β-, Thou wast β-, 3. He was β-; 3. They were β-.
FUTURE TENSE.
1. I shall be β-, 1. We shall be β-, 2. You will be β-, or 2. You will be β-, Thou wilt be β-, 3. He will be β-; 3. They will be β-.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
1. I have been β-, 1. We have been β-, 2. You have been β- or 2. You have been β-, Thou hast been β-, 3. He has been β-; 3. They have been β-.
PAST PERFECT TENSE.
1. I had been β-, 1. We had been β-, 2. You had been β- or 2. You had been β-, Thou hadst been β-, 3. He had been β-; 3. They had been β-.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
1. I shall have been β-, 1. We shall have been β-, 2. You will have been β- or 2. You will have been β-, Thou wilt have been β-, 3. He will has been β-; 3. They will have been β-.
POTENTIAL MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular. Plural. 1. I may be β-, 1. We may be β-, 2. You may be β- or 2. You may be β-, Thou mayst be β-, 3. He may be β-; 3. They may be β-.
PAST TENSE.
1. I might be β-, 1. We might be β-, 2. You might be β- or 2. You might be β-, Thou mightst be β-, 3. He might be β-; 3. They might be β-.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
1. I may have been β-, 1. We may have been β-, 2. You may have been β- or 2. You may have been β-, Thou mayst have been β-, 3. He may have been β-; 3. They may have been β-.
PAST PERFECT TENSE.
1. I might have been β-, 1. We might have been β-, 2. You might have been β- or 2. You might have been β-, Thou mightst have been β-, 3. He might have been β-; 3. They might have been β-.
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular. Plural. 1. If I be β-, 1. If we be β-, 2. If you be β- or 2. If you be β-, If thou be β-, 3. If he be β-; 3. If they be β-.
PAST TENSE.
1. If I were β-, 1. If we were β-, 2. If you were β- or 2. If you were β-, If thou wert β-, 3. If he were β-; 3. If they were β-.
IMPERATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
2. Be (you or them) β-; 2. Be (you)ββ.
INFINITIVES.
PRESENT TENSE. To be β-.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
To have been β-.
PARTICIPLES.
PRESENT. PAST. PAST PERFECT. Being β-. Been. Having been β-.
+To the Teacher+.βAfter the pupils have become thoroughly familiar with the verb be as a principal verb, teach them to use it as an auxiliary in making the +Progressive Form+ and the +Passive Form+.
The progressive form may be made by filling all the blanks with the present participle of some verb.
The passive form may be made by filling all the blanks with the past participle of a transitive verb.
Notice that, after the past participle, no blank is left.
In the progressive form, this participle is wanting; and, in the passive form, it is the same as in the simple.
LESSON 95.
AGREEMENT OF THE VERB.
+To the Teacher+.βFor additional matter, see pp. 163-167.
+_Remember_+ that the verb must agree with its subject in number and person.
Give the person and number of each of the following verbs, and write sentences in which each form shall be used correctly.
Common forms.βDoes, has=ha(ve)s, is, am, are, was, were.
Old forms.βSeest, sawest, hast=ha(ve)st, wilt, mayst, mightst, art, wast.
When a verb has two or more subjects connected by and, it must agree with them in the plural. A similar rule applies to the agreement of the pronoun.
CORRECT THE FOLLOWING ERRORS.
+Model+.βPoverty and obscurity oppresses him who thinks that it is oppressive.
Wrong: the verb oppresses should be changed to oppress to agree with its two subjects, connected by and. The pronoun it should be changed to they to agree with its two antecedents, and the verb is should be changed to are to agree with they.
Industry, energy, and good sense is essential to success. Time and tide waits for no man. The tall sunflower and the little violet is turning its face to the sun. The mule and the horse was harnessed together. Every green leaf and every blade of grass seem grateful.
+Model+.βThe preceding sentence is wrong. The verb seem
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