Written in 1881, when melodrama and farce were still at their peak of popularity, Ibsen’sGhosts is a three-act tragedy that explores uncomfortable, even forbidden themes. It is also a highly critical commentary on the morality of the day. The play centers around the widow of a prominent Norwegian sea captain whose son returns home and, with tragic consequences, revives the ghosts of the past that she has long labored to put to rest.
Ghosts immediately became a source of controversy for its inclusion of topics like venereal disease, incest, and euthanasia, and it was banned from being performed in England for many years. Its arrival signals a shift in the nature of theatre and, despite negative criticism, it was translated into other languages and performed in Sweden, Germany, and New York within a few years of its debut. It stands now as one of the works considered to have ushered in the era of modern drama.
artistic circles.
Oswald
So I have.
Manders
And chiefly among the younger artists?
Oswald
Yes, certainly.
Manders
But I thought few of those young fellows could afford to set up house and support a family.
Oswald
There are many who cannot afford to marry, sir.
Manders
Yes, that is just what I say.
Oswald
But they may have a home for all that. And several of them have, as a matter of fact; and very pleasant, well-ordered homes they are, too.
Mrs. Alving follows with breathless interest; nods, but says nothing.
Manders
But I’m not talking of bachelors’ quarters. By a “home” I understand the home of a family, where a man lives with his wife and children.
Oswald
Yes; or with his children and his children’s mother.
Manders
Starts; clasps his hands. But, good heavens—
Oswald
Well?
Manders
Lives with—his children’s mother!
Oswald
Yes. Would you have him turn his children’s mother out of doors?
Manders
Then it is illicit relations you are talking of! Irregular marriages, as people call them!
Oswald
I have never noticed anything particularly irregular about the life these people lead.
Manders
But how is it possible that a—a young man or young woman with any decency of feeling can endure to live in that way?—in the eyes of all the world!
Oswald
What are they to do? A poor young artist—a poor girl—marriage costs a great deal. What are they to do?
Manders
What are they to do? Let me tell you, Mr. Alving, what they ought to do. They ought to exercise self-restraint from the first; that is what they ought to do.
Oswald
That doctrine will scarcely go down with warm-blooded young people who love each other.
Mrs. Alving
No, scarcely!
Manders
Continuing. How can the authorities tolerate such things! Allow them to go on in the light of day! Confronting Mrs. Alving. Had I not cause to be deeply concerned about your son? In circles where open immorality prevails, and has even a sort of recognised position—!
Oswald
Let me tell you, sir, that I have been in the habit of spending nearly all my Sundays in one or two such irregular homes—
Manders
Sunday of all days!
Oswald
Isn’t that the day to enjoy one’s self? Well, never have I heard an offensive word, and still less have I witnessed anything that could be called immoral. No; do you know when and where I have come across immorality in artistic circles?
Manders
No, thank heaven, I don’t!
Oswald
Well, then, allow me to inform you. I have met with it when one or other of our pattern husbands and fathers has come to Paris to have a look round on his own account, and has done the artists the honour of visiting their humble haunts. They knew what was what. These gentlemen could tell us all about places and things we had never dreamt of.
Manders
What! Do you mean to say that respectable men from home here would—?
Oswald
Have you never heard these respectable men, when they got home again, talking about the way in which immorality runs rampant abroad?
Manders
Yes, no doubt—
Mrs. Alving
I have too.
Oswald
Well, you may take their word for it. They know what they are talking about! Presses his hands to his head. Oh! that that great, free, glorious life out there should be defiled in such a way!
Mrs. Alving
You mustn’t get excited, Oswald. It’s not good for you.
Oswald
Yes; you’re quite right, Mother. It’s bad for me, I know. You see, I’m wretchedly worn out. I shall go for a little turn before dinner. Excuse me, Pastor: I know you can’t take my point of view; but I couldn’t help speaking out. He goes out by the second door to the right.
Mrs. Alving
My poor boy!
Manders
You may well say so. Then this is what he has come to!
Mrs. Alving looks at him silently.
Manders
Walking up and down. He called himself the Prodigal Son. Alas! alas!
Mrs. Alving continues looking at him.
Manders
And what do you say to all this?
Mrs. Alving
I say that Oswald was right in every word.
Manders
Stands still. Right? Right! In such principles?
Mrs. Alving
Here, in my loneliness, I have come to the same way of thinking, Pastor Manders. But I have never dared to say anything. Well! now my boy shall speak for me.
Manders
You are greatly to be pitied, Mrs. Alving. But now I must speak seriously to you. And now it is no longer your business manager and adviser, your own and your husband’s early friend, who stands before you. It is the priest—the priest who stood before you in the moment of your life when you had gone farthest astray.
Mrs. Alving
And what has the priest to say to me?
Manders
I will first stir up your memory a little. The moment is well chosen. Tomorrow will be the tenth anniversary of your husband’s death. Tomorrow the memorial in his honour will be unveiled. Tomorrow I shall have to speak to the whole assembled multitude. But today I will speak to you alone.
Mrs. Alving
Very well, Pastor Manders. Speak.
Manders
Do you remember that after less than a year of married life you stood on the verge of an abyss? That you forsook your house and home? That you fled from your husband? Yes, Mrs. Alving—fled, fled, and refused to return to him, however much he begged and prayed you?
Mrs. Alving
Have you forgotten how infinitely miserable I was in that first year?
Manders
It is the very mark of the spirit of rebellion to crave for happiness in this life. What right have we human beings to happiness? We have simply to do our duty, Mrs. Alving! And your duty was to hold firmly to the man you had once chosen, and to whom you were bound by the holiest ties.
Mrs. Alving
You know very well what sort of life Alving was leading—what excesses he was guilty of.
Manders
I know very well what rumours there were about him; and I am the last to approve the life he led in his young days, if report did not wrong him. But a wife is not appointed to be her husband’s
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