Hadji Murád by Leo Tolstoy (best mobile ebook reader .txt) 📕
Description
In this short novel, Tolstoy fictionalizes the final days of Hadji Murád, a legendary Avar separatist who fought against, and later with, Russia, as the Russian Empire was struggling to annex Chechnya and the surrounding land in the late 1840s.
The novel opens with the narrator finding a thistle crushed in a blooming field, which reminds him of Hadji Murád and his tragic tale. As the narrator recounts the story, the reader is quickly thrust into the rich, colorful history of the Caucuses, and its people’s fight against Russian imperialism.
Hadji Murád is portrayed as a legendary and imposing, yet friendly and approachable figure. Despite his reputation, it seems that his best days are behind him; as the novel opens, Murád is fleeing Shamil, a powerful imam who has captured Murád’s family. Murád finds himself thrust between the invading Russians on one side, and Shamil’s vengeance on the other.
As Murád and his tiny but loyal group of warriors try to forge alliances in their attempt to rescue Murád’s family, they quickly find themselves politically outclassed. The Russians are Murád’s enemies, yet only they can help him in his struggle against Shamil; and after years of losses incurred by Murád’s guerrilla tactics, the Russians would like his help but cannot trust him. Shamil, on the other hand, is a deep link to the region’s complex web of tribal blood feuds, vengeances, reprisals, and quarrels over honor. He’s one of the few powers left standing between the Russians and their control of the Caucuses, but Murád, having crossed him, can’t rescue his family from Shamil’s clutches without the help of the Russians.
Murád’s impossible position, the contradiction between his legendary past and his limping, dignified, and ultimately powerless present, and the struggle against a mighty empire by a people torn by internecine conflict, form the major thematic threads of the novel.
The novel was one of the last that Tolstoy finished before his death, and was only published posthumously in 1912. Tolstoy himself served in the Crimean War, and the war scenes portrayed in the novel echo his personal experiences. As the story progresses, Tolstoy characterizes various real-life historical personalities besides Hadji Murád and Shamil, including Emperor Nicholas I, Mikhail Loris-Melikov, and Count Vorontsov-Dashkov, making this a fascinating piece of historical fiction. Despite this being such a late entry in Tolstoy’s corpus, it has been highly praised by critics both contemporary and modern, with the famous critic Harold Bloom going so far as to say that Hadji Murád is “my personal touchstone for the sublime of prose fiction, to me the best story in the world, or at least the best I have ever read.”
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- Author: Leo Tolstoy
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“In the mountains they don’t smoke or drink now,” said Gamzálo.
“Your Shamil is a lámorey,” said Khan Mahomá, winking at Lóris-Mélikov. (Lámorey was a contemptuous term for a mountaineer.)
“Yes, lámorey means mountaineer,” replied Gamzálo. “It is in the mountains that the eagles dwell.”
“Smart fellow! Well hit!” said Khan Mahomá with a grin, pleased at his adversary’s apt retort.
Seeing the silver cigarette-case in Lóris-Mélikov’s hand, Khan Mahomá asked for a cigarette; and when Lóris-Mélikov remarked that they were forbidden to smoke, he winded with one eye and jerking his head in the direction of Hadji Murád’s bedroom replied that they could do it as long as they were not seen. He at once began smoking—not inhaling—and pouting his red lips awkwardly as he blew out the smoke.
“That is wrong!” said Gamzálo severely, and left the room for a time.
Khan Mahomá winked after him, and, while smoking, asked Lóris-Mélikov where he could best buy a silk beshmét and a white cap.
“Why; has thou so much money?”
“I have enough,” replied Khan Mahomá with a wink.
“Ask him where he got the money,” said Eldár, turning his handsome smiling face towards Lóris-Mélikov.
“Oh, I won it!” said Khan Mahomá quickly; and related how, while walking in Tiflis the day before, he had come upon a group of men—Russians and Armenians—playing at orlyánka (a kind of heads-and-tails). The stake was a large one: three gold pieces and much silver. Khan Mahomá at once saw what the game consisted in, and, jingling the coppers he had in his pocket, he went up to the players and said he would stake the whole amount.
“How couldst thou do it? Hadst thou so much?” asked Lóris-Mélikov.
“I had only twelve kopecks,” said Khan Mahomá, grinning.
“But if thou hadst lost?”
“Why, this!” said Khan Mahomá pointing to his pistol.
“Wouldst thou have given that?”
“Why give it? I should have run away, and if anyone had tried to stop me I should have killed him—that’s all!”
“Well, and didst thou win?”
“Aye, I won it all and went away!”
Lóris-Mélikov quite understood what sort of men Khan Mahomá and Eldár were. Khan Mahomá was a merry fellow, careless and ready for any spree. He did not know what to do with his superfluous vitality. He was always gay and reckless, and played with his own and other people’s lives. For the sake of that sport with life he had now come over to the Russians, and for the same sport he might go back to Shamil tomorrow.
Eldár was also quite easy to understand. He was a man entirely devoted to his Murshíd; calm, strong, and firm.
The red-haired Gamzálo was the only one Lóris-Mélikov did not understand. He saw that that man was not only loyal to Shamil, but felt an insuperable aversion, contempt, repugnance, and hatred for all Russians; and Lóris-Mélikov could therefore not understand why he had come over to them. It occurred to him that, as some of the higher officials suspected, Hadji Murád’s surrender, and his tales of hatred of Shamil, might be a fraud; and that perhaps he had surrendered only to spy out the Russians’ weak spots, that—after escaping back to the mountains—he might be able to direct his forces accordingly. Gamzálo’s whole person strengthened this suspicion.
“The others, and Hadji Murád himself, know how to hide their intentions, but this one betrays them by his open hatred,” thought he.
Lóris-Mélikov tried to speak to him. He asked whether he did not feel dull. “No, I don’t!” he growled hoarsely without stopping his work, and glancing at his questioner out of the corner of his one eye. He replied to all Lóris-Mélikov’s other questions in a similar manner.
While Lóris-Mélikov was in the room, Hadji Murád’s fourth murid, the Avar Khanéfi, came in; a man with a hairy face and neck, and a vaulted chest as rough as though overgrown with moss. He was strong, and a hard worker; always engrossed in his duties, and, like Eldár, unquestioningly obedient to his master.
When he entered the room to fetch some rice, Lóris-Mélikov stopped him and asked where he came from, and how long he had been with Hadji Murád.
“Five years,” replied Khanéfi. “I come from the same aoul as he. My father killed his uncle, and they wished to kill me.” he said calmly, looking from under his joined eyebrows straight into Lóris-Mélikov’s face. “Then I asked them to adopt me as a brother.”
“What do you mean by ‘adopt as a brother’?”
“I did not shave my head nor cut my nails for two months, and then I came to them. They let me in to Patimát, his mother, and she gave me the breast and I became his brother.”
Hadji Murád’s voice could be heard from the next room and Eldár, immediately answering his call, promptly wiped his hands and went with large strides into the drawing room.
“He asks thee to come,” said he, coming back.
Lóris-Mélikov gave another cigarette to the merry Khan Mahomá, and went into the drawing room.
XIIIWhen Lóris-Mélikov entered the drawing, room Hadji Murád received him with a bright face.
“Well, shall I continue?” he asked, sitting down comfortably on the divan.
“Yes, certainly,” said Lóris-Mélikov. “I have been in to have a talk with thy henchmen. … One is a jolly fellow!” he added.
“Yes, Khan Mahomá is a frivolous fellow,” said Hadji Murád.
“I liked the young handsome one.”
“Ah, that’s Eldár. He’s young, but firm—made of iron!”
They were silent for a while.
“So I am to on?”
“Yes, yes!”
“I told thee how the Khans were killed. … Well, having killed them, Hamzád rode into Khunzákh and took up his quarters in their palace. The Khansha was the only one of the family
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