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(London: J. Rivington, 1841), 16–17; Russell, Pictures of Southern Life, Social, Political and Military (New York: James G. Gregory, 1861), 3, 7, 63; Fox-Genovese and Genovese, Mind of the Master Class, 29, 121; Lieber, in O’Brien, Conjectures of Order, 1:368.

46. Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 28–31.

47. J. J. Sharp, Discovery in the North Atlantic, from the 6th to the 17th Century (Halifax, NS: Nimbus, 1991), viii–ix; David Eltis, “The U.S. Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1644–1867: An Assessment,” Civil War History 54 (December 2008), 354–56.

48. Peter Kolchin, American Slavery, 1619–1877 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993), 12–13.

49. Ibid., 57–62; Wilma A. Dunaway, Slavery in the American Mountain South (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 166; Philip D. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-century Chesapeake and Lowcountry (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 264–65.

50. Arthur de Gobineau, “From the Author’s Dedication,” in The Inequality of Human Races, trans. Adrian Collins (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1915), xiv; “The Black and White Races of Men,” DeBow’s Review 30 (April 1861): 448–49; William Holcombe, “The Alternative: A Separate Nationality or the Africanization of the South,” Southern Literary Messenger (February 1861), 83; Charles Robert McKirdy, Lincoln Apostate: The Matson Slave Case (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2011), 14.

51. Melton A. McLaurin, Celia: A Slave (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991), 134–35.

52. Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982), 7–10; James Oakes, Slavery and Freedom: An Interpretation of the Old South (New York: Knopf, 1990), 3–14; Samuel Atkins Eliot, The Life of Josiah Henson: Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada (Boston: A. D. Phelps, 1849), 1–2; Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom (New York, 1855), 214, 242–46; Lieber, in O’Brien, Conjectures of Order, 1:76–77.

53. Eugene D. Genovese, A Consuming Fire: The Fall of the Confederacy in the Mind of the White Christian South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998), 51, and Eugene D. Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York: Pantheon, 1974), 89–91.

54. Russell, My Diary North and South, 106; Randall Jimerson, The Private Civil War: Popular Thought During the Sectional Conflict (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 54; T. R. R. Cobb, “T. R. R. Cobb’s Secessionist Speech,” in Secession Debated: Georgia’s Showdown in 1860, ed. William H. Freehling and Craig M. Simpson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 11; Craig M. Simpson, A Good Southerner: The Life of Henry A. Wise of Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 103.

55. Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 246, 283.

56. T. Michael Parrish, Richard Taylor: Soldier Prince of Dixie (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 446.

57. Fox-Genovese and Genovese, Mind of the Master Class, 143; Jimerson, The Private Civil War, 249.

58. “American Slavery in 1857,” Southern Literary Messenger 25 (August 1857): 81; O’Brien, Conjectures of Order, 1:17.

59. James L. Huston, Calculating the Value of the Union: Slavery, Property Rights, and the Economic Origins of the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 28; William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion: Secessionists Triumphant, 1854–1861 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 14; James Oakes, The Ruling Race: A History of American Slaveholders (New York: Knopf, 1982), 121, 203, 209–17; B. S. Hedrick, in Rosser H. Taylor, “Slaveholding in North Carolina: An Economic View,” James Sprunt Historical Publications (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1926), 18:43; Thomas V. Ash, Middle Tennessee Society Transformed, 1860–1870: War and Peace in the Upper South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 10, 18.

60. Robert Fogel, Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 65; William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay, 1776–1854 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 18, 24, 35, 201–7.

61. Harriet Martineau, Society in America (New York: Saunders and Otley, 1837), 2:228; Joseph H. Ingraham, The South-West, by a Yankee (New York: Harper, 1835), 2:90–91; Lee Soltow, Men and Wealth in the United States (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1972), 105; Huston, Calculating the Value of the Union, 30.

62. Ryer Emmanuel (Claussens, SC), and Sam Mitchell (Beaufort, SC), in The American Slave, A Composite Autobiography, vol. 2, part 2: South Carolina Narratives, and vol. 3, part 3: South Carolina Narratives, ed. George P. Rawick (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1972), 24–25, 203; William Henry Singleton, Recollections of My Slavery Days, ed. K. M. Charron and D. S. Cecelski (Raleigh: Division of Archives and History, North Carolina Dept. of Cultural Resources, 1999), 31–32; Louis Hughes, Thirty Years a Slave: From Bondage to Freedom (Detroit: Negro History Press, 1969 [1897]), 78–79; Newton, Out of the Briars: An Autobiography and Sketch of the Twenty-ninth Regiment Connecticut Volunteers (Miami: Mnemosyne, 1969 [1910]), 19–20.

63. Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States: With Remarks on Their Economy (New York: Dix and Edwards, 1856), 196; John Spencer Bassett, The Southern Plantation Overseer as Revealed in His Letters (Northampton, MA: Smith College, 1925), 146–47.

64. Eliot, Life of Henson, 48.

65. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself (London: H. G. Collins, 1851), 99–100.

66. Fogel, Without Consent or Contract, 31; Huston, Calculating the Value of the Union, 28.

67. Frederick Law Olmsted, The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveler’s Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States, ed. A. M. Schlesinger (New York: Da Capo Press, 1996), 534.

68. “An Appeal to Non-Slaveholders,” Louisville, KY, Statesman, October 5, 1860, in Southern Editorials on Secession, ed. Dwight Lowell Dumond (New York: Century, 1931), 174–75; Brown, in Secession Debated, eds. Freehling and Simpson, 153.

69. John William Burgess, Reminiscences of an American Scholar: The Beginnings of Columbia University (New York: Columbia University Press, 1934), 3; Charles C. Bolton, Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994), 123; Shearer Davis Bowman, Masters and Lords: Mid-19th-Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers (New