Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction by Allen Guelzo (self help books to read TXT) 📕

the Territories,” February 12, 1850, Congressional Globe, 31st Congress, 1st Session, 343; Robert W. Johannsen, “Stephen A. Douglas, Popular Sovereignty and the Territories,” Historian 22 (August 1960): 384–85; Douglas to Charles Lanphier, August 3, 1850, in Letters of Stephen A. Douglas, 192.

31. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas, 296–98.

32. “An Act to Amend, and Supplementary to the Act, Respecting an Act Entitled ‘Fugitives from Justice’ …,” 31st Congress, 1st Session, The Statutes at Large and Treaties of the United States of America, from December 1, 1845 to March 3, 1851, ed. George Minot (Boston: Little and Brown, 1862), c. 60, 462.

33. Samuel May, The Fugitive Slave Law and Its Victims (New York: American Anti-Slavery Society, 1861), 12–15.

34. Thomas Slaughter, Bloody Dawn: The Christiana Riot and Racial Violence in the Antebellum North (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 78.

35. Richard H. Abbott, Cotton and Capital: Boston Businessmen and Antislavery Reform, 1854–1868 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991), 26.

36. Larry Gara, The Liberty Line: The Legend of the Underground Railroad (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1999), 127–29.

37. Joan D. Hedrick, Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 193–223; Edmund Wilson, Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 31–32.

38. Harriet Beecher Stowe, The Annotated Uncle Tom’s Cabin, ed. Henry Louis Gates (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 97.

39. Charles Dudley Warner, “The Story of Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” Atlantic Monthly, September 1896, 315.

40. Stephen A. Douglas, Speeches of Senator S. A. Douglas, on the Occasion of His Public Receptions by the Citizens of New Orleans, Philadelphia and Baltimore (Washington, DC: Lemuel Towers, 1859), 5.

41. Claiborne F. Jackson to David R. Atchison, in Nicole Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), 11.

42. Mark E. Neely, “The Kansas-Nebraska Act in American Political Culture: The Road to Bladensburg and the Appeal of the Independent Democrats,” in The Nebraska-Kansas Act of 1854, ed. J. R. Wunder and J. M. Ross (Lincoln: University Press of Nebraska, 2008), 33–34, 38, 44–45.

43. Fessenden, in Robert J. Cook, Civil War Senator: William Pitt Fessenden and the Fight to Save the American Republic (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2011), 86; “The Kansas and Nebraska Bill—Debate,” March 2 and 3, 1854, Congressional Globe, 33rd Congress, 1st session, Appendix, 299, 763–65.

44. “Kansas and Nebraska Act of 1854,” The Whig Almanac and United States Register for 1855 (New York: Greeley and McElrath, 1855), 18; James A. Rawley, Race and Politics: “Bleeding Kansas” and the Coming of the Civil War (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1969), 17–57; Douglas, “Kansas-Lecompton Constitution,” March 22, 1858, Congressional Globe, 35th Congress, 1st Session, Appendix, 195, 200.

45. Kristen Tegtmeier Oertel, Bleeding Borders: Race, Gender, and Violence in Pre–Civil War Kansas (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009), 91.

46. David Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 203–4.

47. Thomas Goodrich, War to the Knife: Bleeding Kansas, 1854–1861 (Lincoln: University Press of Nebraska, 2004), 117.

48. Gara, The Liberty Line, 127–29.

49. Evan Carton, Patriotic Treason: John Brown and the Soul of America (New York: Free Press, 2006), 189–93; David S. Reynolds, John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights (New York: Knopf, 2005), 174.

50. Sumner, The Crime Against Kansas … Speech of the Hon. Charles Sumner in the Senate of the United States, 19th and 20th May, 1856 (Boston: J. P. Jewett, 1856), 5–7.

51. Grayson, in O’Brien, Conjectures of Order, 2:733.

52. Sumner, The Crime Against Kansas, 9; David Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Knopf, 1961), 285–86; Williamjames Hull Hoffer, The Caning of Charles Sumner: Honor, Idealism, and the Origins of the Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 8–9, 58, 72–73, 83–84.

53. Holt, Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party, 754.

54. William E. Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 194, 265–71.

55. William Pitt Fessenden, “Internal Revenue,” May 28, 1864, in Congressional Globe, 38th Congress, 1st session, 2513.

56. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 15–19.

57. Richards, The Slave Power, 4.

58. Holt, Fate of Their County, 109.

59. Gienapp, Origins of the Republican Party, 414.

60. Dabney, A Defense of Virginia, and Through Her, of the South (Harrisonburg, VA: Sprinkle, 1977 [1867]), 103.

61. James Henley Thornwell, “The Christian Doctrine of Slavery,” in The Collected Writings of James Henley Thornwell (Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 1974 [1875]), 4:405–6; Archibald Alexander Hodge, The Life of Charles Hodge (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1880), 463.

62. Clarence C. Goen, Broken Churches, Broken Nation: Denominational Schisms and the Coming of the Civil War (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1985), 113–27.

63. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas, 451.

64. Goen, Broken Churches, Broken Nation, 113–27.

65. Lincoln, “Speech at Springfield, Illinois,” October 4, 1854, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy F. Basler (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 2:240–47.

66. Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 239–49.

67. A court clerk misspelled John Sanford’s name as Sandford, and so the case appears as Scott v. Sandford in the court reports.

68. A Report of the Decision of the Supreme Court of the United States and the Opinion of the Judges Thereof, in the Case of Dred Scott versus John F. A. Sandford, December Term, 1856, comp. Benjamin C. Howard (New York: D. Appleton, 1857), 404, 423.

69. At the time the Dred Scott decision was handed down, there was already a case working its way through the New York state courts involving eight Virginia slaves who claimed that a temporary stopover in New York City in 1852 had made them free under an 1817 New York state statute. This case, Lemmon v. New York, might have given Taney the opportunity to overturn every anti-slavery statute in the free states on the grounds that states did not have the right to regulate