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88. James W. Geary, We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1991), 32–48.

89. Douglas R. Harper, “If Thee Must Fight”: A Civil War History of Chester County, Pennsylvania (West Chester, PA: Chester County Historical Society, 1990), 204.

90. Geary, We Need Men, 54–63, 67–70, 83–84.

91. Eugene Converse Murdock, Patriotism Limited, 1862–1865: The Civil War Draft and the Bounty System (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1967), 211; Tyler Anbinder, “Which Poor Man’s Fight? Immigrants and the Federal Conscription of 1863,” Civil War History 52 (December 2006): 372.

92. Ernest A. McKay, The Civil War and New York City (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1990), 197–212; Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 7–14; A. Hunter Dupree and Leslie H. Fishel, “An Eyewitness Account of the New York Draft Riots, July 1863,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 47 (December 1960): 476–77.

93. Grace Palladino, Another Civil War: Labor, Capital, and the State in the Anthracite Regions of Pennsylvania, 1840–1868 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 124–35; Barnet Schecter, The Devil’s Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America (New York: Walker Publishing, 2005), 19.

94. “To Francis P. Blair,” July 22, 1864, in Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan, 584.

95. “To the Democratic Nomination Committee,” September 4, 1864, in Civil War Papers, 591.

96. Lincoln, “Memorandum Concerning His Probable Failure of Re-election,” Collected Works, 7:514.

97. J. G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (New York: Century, 1890), 9:218; Charles B. Flood, 1864: Lincoln at the Gates of History (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), 261; “Before My Own Conscience,” in Lincoln, Conversations with Lincoln, ed. Charles M. Segal (New York: Putnam, 1961), 359; McClure, Lincoln and Men of War-Times, 124, 203.

98. George Templeton Strong, diary entry for September 8, 1864, in Diary of the Civil War, 483; Thomas S. Mach, “Gentleman George” Hunt Pendleton: Party Politics and Ideological Identity in Nineteenth-Century America (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2007), 105.

99. McClellan to Allan Pinkerton, October 20, 1864, in Civil War Papers, 591, 615.

100. Tribune Almanac and Political Register for 1865 (New York: Tribune Association, 1865), 67; James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 176; Kreiser, Defeating Lee, 216–17.

1. Herndon, “Lincoln’s Superstition,” in The Hidden Lincoln, 409–10; Lloyd Lewis, Myths After Lincoln (New York: Readers Club, 1941), 289–98; Carpenter, Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln, 163–65.

2. Lincoln, “To Mary Todd Lincoln,” June 9, 1863, in Collected Works, 6:256; D. T. Lamon, Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, 1847–1865 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994 [1895]), 115–17; James Rollins, in Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln, 384.

3. Donald, Lincoln, 594; Thomas and Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War, 319, 393–401.

4. LeGrand B. Cannon, in Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln, 78; Welles, diary entry for April 14, 1865, in Diary of Gideon Welles, 2:282–83.

5. Horace Porter, “Lincoln and Grant,” Century Magazine 30 (October 1885): 956; The Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant (Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant), ed. John Y. Simon (New York: Putnam, 1975), 155–56.

6. Lee to Seddon, January 11, 1865, and January 27, 1865, in The Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee, 881, 886.

7. Mrs. Roger A. Pryor, Reminiscences of Peace and War (New York: Macmillan, 1904), 267.

8. Edward Porter Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander, ed. Gary W. Gallagher (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press), 508–9; Michael Fellman, The Making of Robert E. Lee (New York: Random House, 2000), 172–75; Scott Nelson and Carol Sheriff, A People at War, 274–77.

9. William Livermore to “Friend Abbie,” February 26, 1865, “20th Maine Infantry,” in Gettysburg National Military Park Vertical Files, #6-ME20; Lee to Longstreet, and Lee to Cooper, February 25, 1865, in The War of the Rebellion, Series One, 46:1258; Douglas Southall, Lee’s Lieutenants: A Study in Command (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1942–44), 3:623–24; Bruce Catton, A Stillness at Appomattox (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1953), 330; George G. Meade to Margaretta Meade, March 4, 1865, in George G. Meade Papers, Box 1/Folder 4, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Gorgas, diary entry for January 25, 1865, in The Journals of Josiah Gorgas, 149.

10. Symonds, Joseph E. Johnston, 344.

11. Glatthaar, The March to the Sea and Beyond, 79, 142; James M. Merrill, William Tecumseh Sherman (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1971), 283.

12. Lincoln, “Speech in United States House of Representatives on Internal Improvements,” June 20, 1848, and “To Stephen A. Hurlbut,” July 31, 1863, in Collected Works, 1:488, 6:358.

13. Lincoln, “Annual Message to Congress,” December 6, 1864, in Collected Works, 8:149.

14. Rollins, in Fehrenbacher, ed., Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln, 384; John Alley, in Allen Thorndike Rice, ed., Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time (New York: North American, 1886), 585–86; Trefousse, The Radical Republicans, 298–300; Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War, 186.

15. Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1865, in Collected Works, 8:333.

16. Lincoln, in Recollected Words, 15, 38; Lincoln, “Last Public Address,” April 11, 1865, in Collected Works, 8:403.

17. William T. Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 810–13. Gideon Welles said that Lincoln accompanied his injunction to “frighten” the Confederate leaders “out of the country, open the gates, let down the bars, scare them off” with a gesture that reminded Welles of someone “shooing sheep out of a lot”; see Welles, “Lincoln and Johnson,” in Civil War and Reconstruction, 191.

18. Stephens, A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States, 2:598–616; William C. Harris, Lincoln’s Last Months (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 115–21; Robert M. T. Hunter, “The Peace Commission of 1865” (1877), in The New Annals of the Civil War, eds. Peter Cozzens and R. I. Girardi (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2004), 495–98; Reagan, Memoirs, 166–79.

19. Lincoln, “To John A. Campbell,” April 5, 1865, and “To Godfrey Weitzel,” April 12, 1865,