Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction by Allen Guelzo (self help books to read TXT) 📕

of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln’s Legacy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), 74–75, 82–83; “Impeachment of the President,” March 7, 1867, Congressional Globe, 40th Congress, 1st Session, 18–19.

75. Paul Andrew Hutton, Phil Sheridan and His Army (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), 24–25; Roy Morris, Sheridan: The Life and Wars of General Phil Sheridan (New York: Crown, 1992), 291; Joseph G. Dawson, “General Phil Sheridan and Military Reconstruction in Louisiana,” Civil War History 24 (January 1978): 133–51; Grant to John Pope, June 28, 1867, in Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 17:204.

76. C. H. Pyle and R. M. Pious, The President, Congress, and the Constitution: Power and Legitimacy in American Politics (New York: Free Press, 1984), 204–6; “An Act Regulating the Tenure of Certain Civil Offices,” March 2, 1867, in Statutes at Large, 39th Congress, 2nd Session, 14:430–32; “An Act Supplementary to an Act Entitled ‘An Act to Provide for the More Efficient Government of the Rebel States,’” July 19, 1867, in Statutes at Large, 40th Congress, 1st Session, 15:14.

77. Johnson, “To the Senate of the United States,” December 17, 1867, in Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 6:583.

78. George Congdon Gorham, Life and Public Services of Edwin M. Stanton (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1899), 2:426, 428–30; M. S. Gerry, “Andrew Johnson in the White House, Being the Reminiscences of William H. Crook,” Century Magazine 76 (October 1908): 863–64; Hans L. Trefousse, Impeachment of a President: Andrew Johnson, the Blacks, and Reconstruction (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1975), 132–36.

79. Michael Les Benedict, The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 168–80; Stewart, Impeached, 149; Cook, William Pitt Fessenden, 232.

80. William Roscoe Thayer, John Hay (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1915), 1:271; Current, Those Terrible Carpetbaggers, 29–31; Ruth Currie-McDaniel, Carpetbagger of Conscience: A Biography of John Emory Bryant (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 40–41.

81. James Alex Baggett, The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 14–41.

82. Richard L. Hume and Jerry B. Gough, Blacks, Carpetbaggers, and Scalawags: The Constitutional Conventions of Radical Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2008), 6; Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins, The Scalawag in Alabama Politics, 1865–1881 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1977), 128–30; Eric Foner, “Introduction,” in Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), xiii–xxxi; Billy W. Libby, “Senator Hiram Revels of Mississippi Takes His Seat, January–February 1870,” Journal of Mississippi History 37 (November 1975): 381–94.

83. Benjamin Ginsberg, Moses of South Carolina: A Jewish Scalawag During Radical Reconstruction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 108; John S. Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina, 1865–1877 (Columbia, SC: State Co., 1905), 258; James Shepherd Pike, The Prostrate State: South Carolina Under Negro Government (New York: D. Appleton, 1874), 197, 199–200; “A Romance of Rascality,” New York Times (December 26, 1878).

84. F. B. Simkins and R. H. Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1932), 137–38, 148, 155, 175; Michael Perman, The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869–1879 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 33–34, 81; James S. Allen, Reconstruction: The Battle for Democracy (New York: International Publishers, 1937), 140–44.

85. Ottis Clark Skipper, “J. D. B. DeBow, the Man,” Journal of Southern History 10 (November 1944): 420–21; “Judge James L. Orr,” in U. R. Brooks, South Carolina Bench and Bar (Columbia, SC: State Co., 1908), 1:186; Piston, Lee’s Tarnished Lieutenant, 106, 106, 109, 123.

86. Thomas Frederick Woodley, Great Leveler: The Life of Thaddeus Stevens (New York: Stackpole, 1937), 414; Richard N. Current, Old Thad Stevens: A Story of Ambition (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1942), 320.

87. Edward L. Ayers, The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 50–51; Current, Those Terrible Carpetbaggers, 368–75.

88. Richardson, Westward from Appomattox, 150–53.

89. Andrew L. Slap, The Doom of Reconstruction: The Liberal Republicans in the Civil War Era (New York: Fordham University Press, 2006), 199; Stephen Budiansky, The Bloody Shirt: Terror After Appomattox (New York: Viking, 2008), 205, 221–40; “To Daniel H. Chamberlain,” July 26, 1876, in Papers of Ulysses Simpson Grant, 27:199; McFeely, Grant, 419–25.

90. Trefousse, The Radical Republicans, 373.

91. William Cohen, “Black Immobility and Free Labor: The Freedmen’s Bureau and the Relocation of Black Labor, 1865–1868,” Civil War History 30 (September 1984): 221–34.

92. “Slaughter-House Cases,” in Christian Samito, ed., Changes in Law and Society During the Civil War and Reconstruction: A Legal History Documentary Reader (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2009), 261–72; Michael A. Ross, Justice of Shattered Dreams: Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court During the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 200.

93. Heather Cox Richardson, The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-Civil War North, 1865–1901 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 150; “United States v. Cruikshank,” in Samito, ed., Changes in Law and Society During the Civil War and Reconstruction, 284.

94. “An Act to Protect All Citizens in the Civil and Legal Rights,” March 3, 1875, in Statutes at Large, 43rd Congress, 2nd session (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1875), 18 (III):335–37.

95. Civil Rights Cases was a combination of five civil suits: United States v. Stanley, United States v. Ryan, United States v. Nichols, United States v. Singleton, and Robinson et ux. v. Memphis & Charleston R.R. Co.; Neff, Justice in Blue and Gray, 148–49; Archibald Cox, The Court and the Constitution (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987), 111; Douglass, “The Supreme Court Decision,” October 22, 1883, in The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, ed. Philip S. Foner (New York: International Publishers, 1955), 4:393, 402.

96. Paul A. Cimbala, Under the Guardianship of the Nation: The Freedmen’s Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia, 1865–1870 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 209–16; John A. Carpenter, Sword and Olive Branch: Oliver Otis Howard (1964; New York: Fordham University Press, 1999), 136–56; James T. King, War Eagle: A Life of General Eugene A. Carr (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964), 293; Bensel, Yankee Leviathan, 380.

97. Glenna R. Schroeder-Lein and Richard Zuczek,