Illusions by James Sully (story reading txt) ๐
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the pathology of the subject will be laid claim to, frequent references will be made to the illusions of the insane. Indeed, it will be found that the two groups of phenomena--the illusions of the normal and of the abnormal condition--are so similar, and pass into one another by such insensible gradations, that it is impossible to discuss the one apart from the other. The view of illusion which will be adopted in this work is that it constitutes a kind of border-land between perfectly sane and vigorous mental life and dementia.
And here at once there forces itself on our attention the question, What exactly is to be understood by the term "illusion"? In scientific works treating of the pathology of the subject, the word is confined to what are specially known as illusions of the senses, that is to say, to false or illusory perceptions. And there is very good reason for this limitation, since such illusions of the senses are the most palpable and striking symptoms of mental disease. In addition to this,
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>and memory, 234.
Reflection (of light), illusions connected with, 73, 83.
Refraction and optical illusion, 73.
Relative, sensation as, 64;
attention to magnitude and brightness as, 91;
estimate of duration as, 249.
Relief, illusory perception of, 75, 96.
Representation and presentation, 9, 10, 13, 14, 192.
Retrospection. See Memory.
Ribot, T., 238, note[114], 290, note[135].
Richter, J.P., 143.
Robertson, Professor G.C., 35, note[14].
Romanes, G.J., 105, note[52], 250, note[122].
Rousseau, 280.
S.
Savage, dream theory of, 128;
idea of nature of, 225.
Scherner, C.A., 140, 149.
Schopenhauer, A., 145, 342.
Schroeder, H., 85.
Science, philosophy and, 8, 36, 285, 344;
conception of the material world in physical, 36, 343, 346, 347;
and common cognition, 338, 357.
Scott, Sir W., 116, 125.
Secondary qualities, 36, 344.
Selection, process of, in perception, 95;
in dreams, 174;
in memory, 257, 263.
Self, confusion of, in dreams, 163;
introspective knowledge of, 192;
self-deception, 200;
identity of, 241, 282, 285;
confusion of present and past, 267, 284;
disturbances in recognition of, 287, 289;
momentary confusions of, 295;
confusion of present and future, 305.
Self-esteem, illusion of, 315;
origin of, 319;
utility of, 342.
Self-preservation, 320.
Sensation, element in perception, 20;
discrimination and classification of, 21;
interpretation of, 22;
inattention to, 39, 87;
modified by central reaction, 39, 87, 89, 91;
confusion of novel, 40;
indistinct, 41;
misinterpretation of, 44;
relation of, to stimulus, 46, 50;
limits to discrimination of, 52;
after-impression, 55;
subjective, 59, 62, 107, 143;
localization of, 59.
Sensibility, limits of, 50;
variations of, 64.
Sensualism, philosophic, 348.
Shadow, cast, 77.
Shakespeare, 3.
Sight, mode of perception, 19, 33, 34, 48, 49;
local discrimination in, 52;
single vision, 54;
localization of impression in, 60;
in sleep, 139;
images of, in sleep, 150, 154.
Single, vision, 54;
touch, 72.
Sleep, mystery of, 127;
physiology of, 131.
Sleight of hand. See Conjuror.
Smell, as mode of perception, 34, note[14];
localization of impression in, 60;
subjective sensations of, 108;
in sleep, 141;
and taste, 171.
Solidity, illusory perception of, 75, 96.
Space, representation of, 207.
Specific energy of nerves, 58.
Spectra, ocular, etc. See Subjective sensation.
Spencer, Herbert, 32, note[12], 128, note[69], 323, 340.
Spinoza, 143, 184.
Spiritualist sรฉances, 103, 107, 123, 265.
Stereoscope, 75.
Stewart, Dugald, 172, 306.
Stimulus, qualitative relation of, to sensations, 46, 58, 67;
quantitative relation of, to sensation, 50, 64;
after-effect of, 55;
prolonged action of, 56;
subjective or internal, 62;
exceptional relation of, to organ, 70;
action of, in sleep, 135, 139, 143;
in hypnotic condition, 186.
Strรผmpell, L., 144, 147, note[89].
Subjective, experience, 26, 27, 137, 214;
movement, 51, 57;
sensation, 59, 62, 107, 113, 121, 143.
Suggestion, by external circumstances, 30, 44, 89, 91, 267;
verbal, 30, 106, 188, 215, 268, 301, 310.
Symbol, dream as, 129, 149.
Sympathy, basis of knowledge, 223;
and illusion of insight, 223;
and illusion of memory, 277;
and momentary illusion, 293.
T.
Taine, H., 60, note[29], 108, note[54],117, note[59], 137,
298, note[137], 356, note[158].
Taste, รฆsthetic. See รsthetic intuition.
Taste, localization of impression in, 60;
subjective sensations of, 63;
variations in sensibility, 68;
activity of, in sleep, 141;
and smell, 171.
Temperament, a factor in sense-illusion, 101;
in dreams, 137;
in illusory belief, 325;
in illusion generally, 334, note[149].
Temperature, sense of, 65.
Tennyson, A., 226.
Testa, A.J., 131.
Testimony, of consciousness, 205;
fallacies of, 265;
to identity, 267.
Thaumatrope, 56.
Theatre, illusion of the, 104, 222;
self-deception of the actor, 200.
Thompson, Professor S.P., 51, note[17].
Thought, in relation to belief, 326.
Time, retrospective idea of, 239, 246, 250;
constant error in estimate of, 245;
subjective estimate of, 249;
contemporaneous estimate of, 250;
sense of, in insanity, 290;
prospective estimate of, 303.
Touch, as form of perception, 33, 34, 49;
local discrimination in, 52;
subjective sensations of, 62;
variations in sensibility of, 65;
in sleep, 141.
Transformation, in perception, 94;
of images in dreams, 163;
in memory, 262, 267;
in expectation, 305.
Trick. See Conjuror.
Tuke, Dr., 110.
Tylor, E.B., 128, note[69].
U.
Unconscious, inference, 22, 68, 269, 335, note[150];
mental activity, 133, 235;
impressions, 41, 152.
Useful. See Beneficial.
V.
Vanity. See Self-esteem.
Venn, J., 299, note[139].
Ventriloquism, 82.
Verification, of sense-impression, 38, 351;
of self-inspection, 210;
of memory, 291.
Verisimilitude, in art, 80, 88;
in theatrical representation, 104;
in dreams, 168.
Vierordt, 245.
Vision. See Sight.
Visions, 1, 110;
dreams regarded as, 128, 131.
Vital sense. See Cลnรฆsthesis.
Voice, internal, 119, 194;
activity of, in dreams, 155.
Volition, and perception, 95;
absence of, during sleep, 137,172;
co-operation of, in correction, of illusion, 352.
Volkelt, J., 172.
W.
Weber, E.H., 43.
Weinhold, Professor, 186.
Wetness, perception of, 53.
Wheatstone, Sir C, 75.
Wheel of life, 56.
Will. See Volition.
Wordsworth, W., 281.
World, our estimate of, 323, 326, 327;
scientific conception of material, 8, 36, 343, 344;
reality of external, 344-346, 349, 353, 355, 360.
Wundt, Professor, W. 13, note[2], 31, note[11], 32, note[12], 58, note[27],
67, note[34], 75, 93, note[47], 118, note[63], 136, note[77], 139, 143,
177, 246, 247, note[119], 251, 252, 254.
THE END
Reflection (of light), illusions connected with, 73, 83.
Refraction and optical illusion, 73.
Relative, sensation as, 64;
attention to magnitude and brightness as, 91;
estimate of duration as, 249.
Relief, illusory perception of, 75, 96.
Representation and presentation, 9, 10, 13, 14, 192.
Retrospection. See Memory.
Ribot, T., 238, note[114], 290, note[135].
Richter, J.P., 143.
Robertson, Professor G.C., 35, note[14].
Romanes, G.J., 105, note[52], 250, note[122].
Rousseau, 280.
S.
Savage, dream theory of, 128;
idea of nature of, 225.
Scherner, C.A., 140, 149.
Schopenhauer, A., 145, 342.
Schroeder, H., 85.
Science, philosophy and, 8, 36, 285, 344;
conception of the material world in physical, 36, 343, 346, 347;
and common cognition, 338, 357.
Scott, Sir W., 116, 125.
Secondary qualities, 36, 344.
Selection, process of, in perception, 95;
in dreams, 174;
in memory, 257, 263.
Self, confusion of, in dreams, 163;
introspective knowledge of, 192;
self-deception, 200;
identity of, 241, 282, 285;
confusion of present and past, 267, 284;
disturbances in recognition of, 287, 289;
momentary confusions of, 295;
confusion of present and future, 305.
Self-esteem, illusion of, 315;
origin of, 319;
utility of, 342.
Self-preservation, 320.
Sensation, element in perception, 20;
discrimination and classification of, 21;
interpretation of, 22;
inattention to, 39, 87;
modified by central reaction, 39, 87, 89, 91;
confusion of novel, 40;
indistinct, 41;
misinterpretation of, 44;
relation of, to stimulus, 46, 50;
limits to discrimination of, 52;
after-impression, 55;
subjective, 59, 62, 107, 143;
localization of, 59.
Sensibility, limits of, 50;
variations of, 64.
Sensualism, philosophic, 348.
Shadow, cast, 77.
Shakespeare, 3.
Sight, mode of perception, 19, 33, 34, 48, 49;
local discrimination in, 52;
single vision, 54;
localization of impression in, 60;
in sleep, 139;
images of, in sleep, 150, 154.
Single, vision, 54;
touch, 72.
Sleep, mystery of, 127;
physiology of, 131.
Sleight of hand. See Conjuror.
Smell, as mode of perception, 34, note[14];
localization of impression in, 60;
subjective sensations of, 108;
in sleep, 141;
and taste, 171.
Solidity, illusory perception of, 75, 96.
Space, representation of, 207.
Specific energy of nerves, 58.
Spectra, ocular, etc. See Subjective sensation.
Spencer, Herbert, 32, note[12], 128, note[69], 323, 340.
Spinoza, 143, 184.
Spiritualist sรฉances, 103, 107, 123, 265.
Stereoscope, 75.
Stewart, Dugald, 172, 306.
Stimulus, qualitative relation of, to sensations, 46, 58, 67;
quantitative relation of, to sensation, 50, 64;
after-effect of, 55;
prolonged action of, 56;
subjective or internal, 62;
exceptional relation of, to organ, 70;
action of, in sleep, 135, 139, 143;
in hypnotic condition, 186.
Strรผmpell, L., 144, 147, note[89].
Subjective, experience, 26, 27, 137, 214;
movement, 51, 57;
sensation, 59, 62, 107, 113, 121, 143.
Suggestion, by external circumstances, 30, 44, 89, 91, 267;
verbal, 30, 106, 188, 215, 268, 301, 310.
Symbol, dream as, 129, 149.
Sympathy, basis of knowledge, 223;
and illusion of insight, 223;
and illusion of memory, 277;
and momentary illusion, 293.
T.
Taine, H., 60, note[29], 108, note[54],117, note[59], 137,
298, note[137], 356, note[158].
Taste, รฆsthetic. See รsthetic intuition.
Taste, localization of impression in, 60;
subjective sensations of, 63;
variations in sensibility, 68;
activity of, in sleep, 141;
and smell, 171.
Temperament, a factor in sense-illusion, 101;
in dreams, 137;
in illusory belief, 325;
in illusion generally, 334, note[149].
Temperature, sense of, 65.
Tennyson, A., 226.
Testa, A.J., 131.
Testimony, of consciousness, 205;
fallacies of, 265;
to identity, 267.
Thaumatrope, 56.
Theatre, illusion of the, 104, 222;
self-deception of the actor, 200.
Thompson, Professor S.P., 51, note[17].
Thought, in relation to belief, 326.
Time, retrospective idea of, 239, 246, 250;
constant error in estimate of, 245;
subjective estimate of, 249;
contemporaneous estimate of, 250;
sense of, in insanity, 290;
prospective estimate of, 303.
Touch, as form of perception, 33, 34, 49;
local discrimination in, 52;
subjective sensations of, 62;
variations in sensibility of, 65;
in sleep, 141.
Transformation, in perception, 94;
of images in dreams, 163;
in memory, 262, 267;
in expectation, 305.
Trick. See Conjuror.
Tuke, Dr., 110.
Tylor, E.B., 128, note[69].
U.
Unconscious, inference, 22, 68, 269, 335, note[150];
mental activity, 133, 235;
impressions, 41, 152.
Useful. See Beneficial.
V.
Vanity. See Self-esteem.
Venn, J., 299, note[139].
Ventriloquism, 82.
Verification, of sense-impression, 38, 351;
of self-inspection, 210;
of memory, 291.
Verisimilitude, in art, 80, 88;
in theatrical representation, 104;
in dreams, 168.
Vierordt, 245.
Vision. See Sight.
Visions, 1, 110;
dreams regarded as, 128, 131.
Vital sense. See Cลnรฆsthesis.
Voice, internal, 119, 194;
activity of, in dreams, 155.
Volition, and perception, 95;
absence of, during sleep, 137,172;
co-operation of, in correction, of illusion, 352.
Volkelt, J., 172.
W.
Weber, E.H., 43.
Weinhold, Professor, 186.
Wetness, perception of, 53.
Wheatstone, Sir C, 75.
Wheel of life, 56.
Will. See Volition.
Wordsworth, W., 281.
World, our estimate of, 323, 326, 327;
scientific conception of material, 8, 36, 343, 344;
reality of external, 344-346, 349, 353, 355, 360.
Wundt, Professor, W. 13, note[2], 31, note[11], 32, note[12], 58, note[27],
67, note[34], 75, 93, note[47], 118, note[63], 136, note[77], 139, 143,
177, 246, 247, note[119], 251, 252, 254.
THE END
FOOTNOTES:
[1] A history of the distinction is given by Brierre de Boismont, in his work On Illusions (translated by R. T. Hulme, 1859). He says that Arnold (1806) first defined hallucination, and distinguished it from illusion. Esquirol, in his work, Des Maladies Mentales (1838), may be said to have fixed the distinction. (See Hunt's translation, 1845, p. 111.)
[2] This fact has been fully recognized by writers on the pathology of the subject; for example, Griesinger, Mental Pathology and Therapeutics (London, 1867), p. 84; Baillarger, article, "Des Hallucinations," in the Mรฉmoires de l'Acadรฉmie Royale de Mรฉdecine, tom. xii. p. 273, etc; Wundt, Physiologische Psychologie, p. 653.
[3] I here touch on the distinction between the psychological and the philosophical view of perception, to be brought out more fully by-and-by.
[4] It might even be urged that the order here adopted is scientifically the best, since sense-perception is the earliest form of knowledge, introspected facts being known only in relation to perceived facts. But if the mind's knowledge
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