The Power of Movement in Plants by Charles Darwin (best fiction books to read TXT) 📕

and from the attached object in only one radicle out of this large number of cases. In five other cases there was very slight and doubtful deflection. We were astonished at this result, and concluded that we had made some inexplicable mistake in the first six experiments. But before finally relinquishing the subject, we resolved to make one [page 142]

other trial for it occurred to us that sensitiveness is easily affected by external conditions, and that radicles growing naturally in the earth in the early spring would not be subjected to a temperature nearly so high as 70o F. We therefore allowed the radicles of 12 beans to grow at a temperature of between 55o and 60o F. The result was that in every one of these cases (included in the above-described experiments) the radicle was deflected in the course of a few hours from the attached object. All the above recorded successful trials, and some others presently to be given, were made in a sitting-room at the temperatures just specified. It therefore appears that a temperature of about, or rather above, 70o F.

destroys the sensitiveness of the radicles, either directly, or indirectly through abnormally accelerated growth; and this curious fact probably explains why Sachs, who expressly states that his beans were kept at a high temperature, failed to detect the sensitiveness of the apex of the radicle.

 

But other causes interfere with this sensibility. Eighteen radicles were tried with little squares of sanded card, some affixed with shellac and some with gum-water, during the few last days of 1878, and few first days of the next year. They were kept in a room at the proper temperature during the day, but were probably too cold at night, as there was a hard frost at the time. The radicles looked healthy but grew very slowly. The result was that only 6 out of the 18 were deflected from the attached cards, and this only to a slight degree and at a very slow rate. These radicles therefore presented a striking contrast with the 44 above described. On March 6th and 7th, when the temperature of the room varied between 53o and 59o F., eleven germinating beans were tried in the

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same manner, and now every one of the radicles became curved away from the cards, though one was only slightly deflected. Some horticulturists believe that certain kinds of seeds will not germinate properly in the middle of the winter, although kept at a right temperature. If there really is any proper period for the germination of the bean, the feeble degree of sensibility of the above radicles may have resulted from the trial having been made in the middle of the winter, and not simply from the nights being too cold. Lastly, the radicles of four beans, which from some innate cause germinated later than all the others of the same lot, and which grew slowly though appearing healthy, were similarly tried, and even after 24 h. they were hardly at all deflected from the attached cards. We may therefore infer that any cause which renders the growth of the radicles either slower or more rapid than the normal rate, lessens or annuls the sensibility of their tips to contact. It deserves particular attention that when the attached objects failed to act, there was no bending of any kind, excepting Sachs’ curvature. The force of our evidence would have been greatly weakened if occasionally, though rarely, the radicles had become curved in any direction independently of the attached objects. In the foregoing numbered paragraphs, however, it may be observed that the extreme tip sometimes becomes, after a considerable interval of time, abruptly curved towards the bit of card; but this is a totally distinct phenomenon, as will presently be explained.

 

Summary of the Results of the foregoing Experiments on the Radicles of Vicia faba.—Altogether little squares (about 1/20th of an inch), generally of sanded paper as stiff as thin card (between .15 and .20 mm. in thickness), sometimes of ordinary card, or little frag-

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ments of very thin glass etc., were affixed at different times to one side of the conical tips of 55 radicles. The 11 last-mentioned cases, but not the preliminary ones, are here included. The squares, etc., were most commonly affixed with shellac, but in 19 cases with thick gum-water. When the latter was used, the squares were sometimes found, as previously stated, to be separated from the apex by a layer of thick fluid, so that there was no contact, and consequently no bending of the radicle; and such few cases were not recorded. But in every instance in which shellac was employed, unless the square fell off very soon, the result was recorded. In several instances when the squares became displaced, so as to stand parallel to the radicle, or were separated by fluid from the apex, or soon fell off, fresh squares were attached, and these cases (described under the numbered paragraphs) are here included. Out of 55 radicles experimented on under the proper temperature, 52 became bent, generally to a considerable extent from the perpendicular, and away from the side to which the object was attached. Of the three failures, one can be accounted for, as the radicle became sickly on the following day; and a second was observed only during 11 h. 30 m. As in several cases the terminal growing part of the radicle continued for some time to bend from the attached object, it formed itself into a hook, with the apex pointing to the zenith, or even into a ring, and occasionally into a spire or helix. It is remarkable that these latter cases occurred more frequently when objects were attached with thick gum-water, which never became dry, than when shellac was employed. The curvature was often well-marked in from 7 h. to 11 h.; and in one instance a semicircle was formed in 6 h. 10 m, from the time [page 145]

of attachment. But in order to see the phenomenon as well displayed as in the above described cases, it is indispensable that the bits of card, etc., should be made to adhere closely to one side of the conical apex; that healthy radicles should be selected and kept at not too high or too low a temperature, and apparently that the trials should not be made in the middle of the winter.

 

In ten instances, radicles which had curved away from a square of card or other object attached to their tips, straightened themselves to a certain extent, or even completely, in the course of from one to two days from the time of attachment. This was more especially apt to occur when the curvature was slight. But in one instance (No. 27) a radicle which in 9 h.

had been deflected about 90o from the perpendicular, became quite straight in 24 h. from the period of attachment. With No. 26, the radicle was almost straight in 48 h. We at first attributed the straightening process to the radicles becoming accustomed to a slight stimulus, in the same manner as a tendril or sensitive petiole becomes accustomed to a very light loop of thread, and unbends itself though the loop remains still suspended; but Sachs states* that radicles of the bean placed horizontally in damp air after curving downwards through geotropism, straighten themselves a little by growth along their lower or concave sides. Why this should occur is not clear: but perhaps it likewise occurred in the above ten cases. There is another occasional movement which must not be passed over: the tip of the radicle, for a length of from 2 to 3 mm., was found in six instances, * ‘Arbeiten Bot. Instit., W�rzburg,’ Heft iii. p. 456.

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after an interval of about 24 or more hours, bent towards the bit of still attached card,—that is, in a direction exactly opposite to the previously induced curvature of the whole growing part for a length of from 7 to 8 mm.

This occurred chiefly when the first curvature was small, and when an object had been affixed more than once to the apex of the same radicle. The attachment of a bit of card by shellac to one side of the tender apex may sometimes mechanically prevent its growth; or the application of thick gum-water more than once to the same side may injure it; and then checked growth on this side with continued growth on the opposite and unaffected side would account for the reversed curvature of the apex.

 

Various trials were made for ascertaining, as far as we could, the nature and degree of irritation to which the apex must be subjected, in order that the terminal growing part should bend away, as if to avoid the cause of irritation. We have seen in the numbered experiments, that a little square of rather thick letter-paper gummed to the apex induced, though slowly, considerable deflection. Judging from several cases in which various objects had been affixed with gum, and had soon become separated from the apex by a layer of fluid, as well as from some trials in which drops of thick gum-water alone had been applied, this fluid never causes bending. We have also seen in the numbered experiments that narrow splinters of quill and of very thin glass, affixed with shellac, caused only a slight degree of deflection, and this may perhaps have been due to the shellac itself.

Little squares of goldbeaters’ skin, which is excessively thin, were damped, and thus made to adhere to one side of the tips of two radicles; one of these, after 24 h., produced no effect; nor did the [page 147]

other in 8 h., within which time squares of card usually act; but after 24

h. there was slight deflection.

 

An oval bead, or rather cake, of dried shellac, 1.01 mm. in length and 0.63

in breadth, caused a radicle to become deflected at nearly right angles in the course of only 6 h.; but after 23 h. it had nearly straightened itself.

A very small quantity of dissolved shellac was spread over a bit of card, and the tips of 9 radicles were touched laterally with it; only two of them became slightly deflected to the side opposite to that bearing the speck of dried shellac, and they afterwards straightened themselves. These specks were removed, and both together weighed less than 1/100th of a grain; so that a weight of rather less than 1/200th of a grain (0.32 mg.) sufficed to excite movement in two out of the nine radicles. Here then we have apparently reached nearly the minimum weight which will act.

 

A moderately thick bristle (which on measurement was found rather flattened, being 0.33 mm. in one diameter, and 0.20 mm. in the other) was cut into lengths of about 1/20th of an inch. These after being touched with thick gum-water, were placed on the tips of eleven radicles. Three of them were affected; one being deflected in 8 h. 15 m. to an angle of about 90o from the perpendicular; a second to the same amount when looked at after 9

h.; but after 24 h. from the time of first attachment the deflection had decreased to only 19o; the third was only slightly deflected after 9 h., and the bit of bristle was then found not touching the apex; it was replaced, and after 15 additional hours the deflection amounted to 26o from the perpendicular. The remaining eight radicles were not at all acted on by the bits of bristle, so that we here appear to have nearly reached the minimum

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of size of an object which will act on the radicle of the bean. But it is remarkable that when the bits of bristle did act, that they should have acted so quickly and efficiently.

 

As the apex of a radicle