Seasoning of Wood by Joseph Bernard Wagner (bill gates best books txt) π
Keeping especially in mind the arrangement and direction of the fibres of wood, it is clear at once why knots and "cross-grain" interfere with the strength of timber. It is due to the structural peculiarities that "honeycombing" occurs in rapid seasoning, that checks or cracks extend radially and follow pith rays, that tangent or "bastard" cut stock shrinks and warps more than that which is quarter-sawn. These same pecu
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Fig. 61. Kiln Car designed for handling Short Tub or Pail Staves through a Dry Kiln.
In Figure 62 will be seen a kiln car designed for short piece stock through a dry kiln.
In Figure 63 will be seen a type of truck designed for the handling of stave bolts about a stave mill or through a steam box.
In Figure 64 will be seen another type of truck designed for the handling of stave bolts about a stave mill or through a steam box.
In Figure 65 will be seen another type of truck designed for the handling of stave bolts about a stave mill or through a steam box.
In Figure 66 will be seen another type of truck designed for the handling of stave bolts about a stave mill or through a steam box.
In Figure 67 will be seen another type of truck designed for the handling of stave bolts about a stave mill or through a steam box.
In Figure 68 will be seen another type of truck designed for the handling of stave bolts about a stave mill or through a steam box.
In Figure 69 will be seen the Regular 3-rail Transfer Car designed for the handling of 2-rail kiln cars which have been loaded "end-wise."
In Figure 70 will be seen another type of Regular 3-rail Transfer Car designed for the handling of 2-rail kiln cars which have been loaded "end-wise."
In Figure 71 will be seen a Specially-designed 4-rail Transfer Car for 2-rail kiln cars which have been built to accommodate extra long material to be dried.
In Figure 72 will be seen the Regular 2-rail Transfer Car designed for the handling of 3-rail kiln cars which have been loaded "cross-wise."
In Figure 73 will be seen another type of Regular 2-rail Transfer Car designed for the handling of 3-rail kiln cars which have been loaded "cross-wise."
In Figure 74 will be seen the Regular 2-rail Underslung type of Transfer Car designed for the handling of 3-rail kiln cars which have been loaded "cross-wise." Two important features in the construction of this transfer car make it extremely easy in its operation. It has extra large wheels, diameter 131β2 inches, and being underslung, the top of its rails are no higher than the other types of transfer cars. Note the relative size of the wheels in the illustration, yet the car is only about 10 inches in height.
Fig. 62. Kiln Car Designed for handling Short Piece Stock through a Dry Kiln.
Fig. 63. A Stave Bolt Truck.
Fig. 64. A Stave Bolt Truck.
Fig. 65. A Stave Bolt Truck.
Fig. 66. A Stave Bolt Truck.
Fig. 67. A Stave Bolt Truck.
Fig. 68. A Stave Bolt Truck.
Fig. 69. A Regular 3-Rail Transfer Truck.
Fig. 70. A Regular 3-Rail Transfer Truck.
Fig. 71. A Special 4-Rail Transfer Truck.
Fig. 72. A Regular 2-Rail Transfer Truck.
Fig. 73. A Regular 2-Rail Transfer Truck.
Fig. 74. A Regular 2-Rail Underslung Transfer Truck.
In Figure 75 will be seen the Regular 3-rail Underslung type of Transfer Car designed for the handling of 2-rail kiln cars which have been loaded "end-wise." This car also has the important features of large diameter wheels and low rail construction, which make it very easy in its operation.
Fig. 75. A Regular 3-Rail Underslung Transfer Truck.
In Figure 76 will be seen the Special 2-rail Flexible type of Transfer Car designed for the handling of 3-rail kiln cars which have been loaded "cross-wise." This car is equipped with double the usual number of wheels, and by making each set of trucks a separate unit (the front and rear trucks being bolted to a steel beam with malleable iron connection), a slight up-and-down movement is permitted, which enables this transfer car to adjust itself to any unevenness in the track, which is a very good feature.
Fig. 76. A Special 2-Rail Flexible Transfer Truck.
In Figure 77 will be seen the Regular Transfer Car designed for the handling of stave bolt trucks.
In Figure 78 will be seen another type of Regular Transfer Car designed for the handling of stave bolt trucks.
In Figure 79 will be seen a Special Transfer Car designed for the handling of stave bolt trucks.
Fig. 77. A Regular Transfer Car for handling Stave Bolt Trucks.
Fig. 78. A Regular Transfer Car for handling Stave Bolt Trucks.
Fig. 79. A Special Transfer Car for handling Stave Bolt Trucks.
In Figure 80 will be seen the Regular Channel-iron Kiln Truck designed for edge piling "cross-wise" of the dry kiln.
In Figure 81 will be seen another type of Regular Channel-iron Kiln Truck designed for edge piling "cross-wise" of the dry kiln.
Fig. 80. A Regular Channel-iron Kiln Truck.
Fig. 81. A Regular Channel-iron Kiln Truck.
In Figure 82 will be seen the Regular Channel-iron Kiln Truck designed for flat piling "end-wise" of the dry kiln.
Fig. 82. A Regular Channel-iron Kiln Truck.
In Figure 83 will be seen the Regular Channel-iron Kiln Truck with I-Beam cross-pieces designed for flat piling "end-wise" of the dry kiln.
In Figure 84 will be seen the Regular Small Dolly Kiln Truck designed for flat piling "end-wise" of the dry kiln.
Fig. 83. A Regular Channel-iron Kiln Truck.
Fig. 84. A Regular Single-sill or Dolly Kiln Truck.
Different Types of Kiln DoorsIn Figure 85 will be seen the Asbestos-lined Door. The construction of this kiln door is such that it has no tendency to warp or twist. The framework is solid and the body is made of thin slats placed so that the slat on either side covers the open space of the other with asbestos roofing fabric in between. This makes a comparatively light and inexpensive door, and one that absolutely holds the heat. These doors may be built either swinging, hoisting, or sliding.
Fig. 85. An Asbestos-lined Kiln Door of the Hinge Type.
In Figure 86 will be seen the Twin Carrier type of door hangers with doors loaded and rolling clear of the opening.
Fig. 86. Twin Carrier with Kiln Door loaded and rolling clear of Opening.
In Figure 87 will be seen the Twin Carrier for doors 18 to 35 feet wide, idle on a section of the track.
In Figure 88 will be seen another type of carrier for kiln doors.
In Figure 89 will be seen the preceding type of kiln door carrier in operation.
In Figure 90 will be seen another type of carrier for kiln doors.
In Figure 91 will be seen kiln doors seated, wood construction, showing 31β2" Γ 53β4" inch-track timbers and trusses, supported on 4-inch by 6-inch jamb posts. "T" rail track, top and side, inclined shelves on which the kiln door rests. Track timber not trussed on openings under 12 feet wide.
Fig. 87. Twin Carriers for Kiln Doors 18 to 35 Feet wide.
Fig. 88. Kiln Door Carrier engaged to Door Ready for lifting.
In Figure 92 will be seen kiln doors seated, fire-proof construction, showing 12-inch, channel, steel lintels, 2" Γ 2" steel angle mullions, track brackets bolted to the steel lintels and "T" rail track. No track timbers or trusses used.
Fig. 89. Kiln Door Carrier shown on Doors of Wood Construction.
Fig. 90. Kiln Door Construction with Door Carrier out of Sight.
Fig. 91. Kiln Door Construction. Doors Seated. Wood Construction.
Fig. 92. Kiln Door Construction. Doors Seated. Fire-proof Construction.
SECTION XIV HELPFUL APPLIANCES IN KILN-DRYING The Humidity DiagramHumidity Diagram
Fig. 93. The United States Forest Service Humidity Diagram for determination of Absolute Humidities. Dew Points and Vapor Pressures; also Relative Humidities by means of Wet and Dry-Bulb Thermometer, for any temperatures and change in temperature.
Some simple means of determining humidities and changes in humidity brought about by changes in temperature in the dry kiln without the use of tables is almost a necessity. To meet this requirement the United States Forestry Service has devised the Humidity Diagram shown in Figure 93. It differs in several respects from the hydrodeiks now in use.
The purpose of the humidity diagram is to enable the dry-kiln operator to determine quickly the humidity conditions and vapor pressure, as well as the changes which take place with changes of temperature. The diagram above is adapted to the direct solution of problems of this character without recourse to tables or mathematical calculations.
The humidity diagram consists of two distinct sets of curves on the same sheet. One set, the convex curves, is for the determination of relative humidity of wet-and-dry-bulb hygrometer or psychrometer; the other, the concave curves, is derived from the vapor pressures and shows the amount of moisture per cubic foot at relative humidities and temperatures when read at the dew-point. The latter curves, therefore, are independent of all variables affecting the wet-bulb readings. They are proportional to vapor pressures, not to density, and, therefore, may be followed from one temperature to another with correctness. The short dashes show the correction (increase or decrease) which is necessary in the relative humidity, read from the convex curves, with an increase or decrease from the normal barometric pressure of 30 inches, for which the curves have been plotted. This correction, except for very low temperatures, is so small that it may usually be disregarded.
The ordinates, or vertical distances, are
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