Seasoning of Wood by Joseph Bernard Wagner (bill gates best books txt) 📕

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upon entirely. Furthermore, structure underlies nearly all the technical properties of this important product, and furnishes an explanation why one piece differs in these properties from another. Structure explains why oak is heavier, stronger, and tougher than pine; why it is harder to saw and plane, and why it is so much more difficult to season without injury. From its less porous structure alone it is evident that a piece of young and thrifty oak is stronger than the porous wood of an old or stunted tree, or that a Georgia or long-leaf pine excels white pine in weight and strength.

Keeping especially in mind the arrangement and direction of the fibres of wood, it is clear at once why knots and "cross-grain" interfere with the strength of timber. It is due to the structural peculiarities that "honeycombing" occurs in rapid seasoning, that checks or cracks extend radially and follow pith rays, that tangent or "bastard" cut stock shrinks and warps more than that which is quarter-sawn. These same pecu

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appearance of such an organ. Glaucous. Covered or whitened with a bloom. Grain. Direction or arrangement of the fibres in wood. Grubs. The larvae of wood-destroying insects. Gymnosperms. Plants bearing naked seeds; without an ovary. Habitat. The geographical range of a plant. Heartwood. The central portion of tree. Hollow-horning. Internal checking. Honeycombing. Internal checking. Hot-blast kiln. A drying arrangement in which the air is blown through heating coils into the drying room. Humidity. Damp, moist. Hygroscopicity. The property of readily imbibing moisture from the atmosphere. Indefinite. Applied to petals or other organs when too numerous to be conveniently counted. Indigenous. Native to the country. Involute. A form of vernation in which the leaf is rolled inward from its edges. Kiln-drying. Drying or seasoning of wood by artificial heat in an inclosed room. Leaflet. A single division of a compound leaf. Limb. The spreading portion of the tree. Lumen. Internal space in the spring- and summer-wood fibres. Median. Situated in the middle. Medulla. The pith. Medullary rays. Rays of fundamental tissue which connect the pith with the bark. Membranous. Thin and rather soft, more or less translucent. Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf. Moist-air kiln. A drying arrangement in which the heat is taken from radiating coils located inside the drying room. Mottle. Figure transverse of the fibres, probably caused by the action of wind upon the tree. Non-porous. Without pores. Oblong. Considerably longer than broad, with flowing outline. Obtuse. Blunt, rounded.

Oval. Broadly elliptical. Ovary. The part of the pistil that contains the ovules. Parted. Cleft nearly, but not quite to the base or midrib. Parenchyma. Short cells constituting the pith and pulp of the tree. Pericarp. The walls of the ripened ovary, the part of the fruit that encloses the seeds. Permeable. Capable of being penetrated. Petal. One of the leaves of the corolla. Pinholes. Small holes in the wood caused by worms or insects. Pistil. The modified leaf or leaves which bear the ovules; usually consisting of ovary, style and stigma. Plastic. Elastic, easily bent. Pocket kilns. Small drying rooms with openings on one end only and in which the material to be dried is piled directly on the floor. Pollen. The fertilizing powder produced by the anther. Pores. Minute orifices in wood. Porous. Containing pores. Preliminary steaming. Subjecting wood to a steaming process before drying or seasoning. Progressive kiln. A drying arrangement with openings at both ends, and in which the material enters at one end and is discharged at the other. Rick. A pile or stack of lumber. Rift. To split; cleft. Ring shake. A large check or crack in the wood following an annual ring. Roe. A peculiar figure caused by the contortion of the woody fibres, and takes a wavy line parallel to them. Sapwood. The outer portions of the tree next to the bark; alburnam. Saturate. To cause to become completely penetrated or soaked. Season checks. Small openings in the ends of the wood caused by the process of drying. Seasoning. The process by which wood is dried or seasoned. Seedholes. Minute holes in wood caused by wood-destroying worms or insects. Shake. A large check or crack in wood caused by the action of the wind on the tree. Shrinkage. A lessening or contraction of the wood substance.

Skidways. Material set on an incline for transporting lumber or logs. Species. In science, a group of existing things, associated according to properties. Spermatophyta. Seed-bearing plants. Spring-wood. Wood that is formed in the spring of the year. Stamen. The pollen-bearing organ of the flower, usually consisting of filament and anther. Stigma. That part of the pistil which receives the pollen. Style. That part of the pistil which connects the ovary with the stigma. Taproot. The main root or downward continuation of the plant axis. Temporary checks. Checks or cracks that subsequently close. Tissue. One of the elementary fibres composing wood. Thunder shake. A rupture of the fibres of the tree across the grain, which in some woods does not always break them. Tornado shake. (See Thunder shake.) Tracheids. The tissues of the tree which consist of vertical cells or vessels closed at one end. Warping. Turning or twisting out of shape. Wind shake. (See Thunder shake.) Working. The shrinking and swelling occasioned in wood. Wormholes. Small holes in wood caused by wood-destroying worms. Vernation. The arrangement of the leaves in the bud. Whorl. An arrangement of organs in a circle about a central axis.

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Abies amabalis, 21 Abies balsamea, 20 Abies concolor, 20 Abies grandis, 20 Abies magnifica, 21 Abies nobilis, 21 Acer macrophyllum, 69 Acer negundo, 69 Acer Pennsylvanicum, 70 Acer rubrum, 69 Acer saccharinum, 69 Acer saccharum, 68 Acer spicatum, 69 Æsculus flava, 45 Æsculus glabra, 45 Æsculus octandra, 45 Ailanthus glandulosa, 37 Asimina triloba, 76 Betula lenta, 41 Betula lutea, 42 Betula nigra, 43 Betula papyrifera, 43 Betula populifolia, 42 Betula rubra, 43 Buxus sempervirens, 77 Carpinus Caroliana, 44 Castanea Americana, 48 Castanea chrysophylla, 49 Castanea dentata, 48 Castanea pumila, 48 Castanea vesca, 48 Castanea vulgaris, 48 Catalpa bignonioides, 46 Catalpa speciosa, 46 Celtis occidentalis, 62 Chamæcyparis Lawsonia, 18 Chamæcyparis thyoides, 17 Cladrastis lutea, 85 Cornus florida, 49 Cupressus nootkatensis, 18 Diospyros Virginia, 77 Evonymus atropurpureus, 82 Fagus ferruginea, 40 Fraxinus Americana, 37 Fraxinus Caroliniana, 39 Fraxinus nigra, 38 Fraxinus Oregana, 38 Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, 38 Fraxinus pubescens, 38 Fraxinus quadrangulata, 38 Fraxinus sambucifolia, 38 Fraxinus viridis, 38 Gleditschia triacanthos, 66 Gymnocladus dioicus, 49 Hicoria alba, 64 Hicoria glabra, 64 Hicoria minima, 64 Hicoria ovata, 64 Hicoria pecan, 64 Ilex monticolo, 65 Ilex opaca, 64 Juglans cinerea, 45 Juglans nigra, 82 Juniperus communis, 19 Juniperus Virginiana, 18 Larix Americana, 22 Larix laricina, 22 Larix occidentalis, 22 Libocedrus decurrens, 18 Liquidamber styraciflua, 54 Liriodendron tulipfera, 81 Maclura aurantiaca, 76 Magnolia acuminata, 67 Magnolia glauca, 67 Magnolia tripetala, 67 Morus rubra, 70 Nyssa aquatica, 60 Nyssa sylvatica, 62 Ostrya Virginiana, 65 Oxydendrum arboreum, 80 Picea alba, 28 Picea canadensis, 28 Picea engelmanni, 28 Picea mariana, 27 Picea nigra, 27 Picea rubens, 28 Picea sitchensis, 28 Pinus banksiana, 27

Pinus cubensis, 26 Pinus divaricata, 27 Pinus enchinata, 26 Pinus flexilis, 24 Pinus inops, 27 Pinus Jeffreyi, 25 Pinus Lambertiana, 24 Pinus monticolo, 24 Pinus Murryana, 27 Pinus palustris, 24 Pinus ponderosa, 25 Pinus resinosa, 25 Pinus rigida, 26 Pinus strobus, 23 Pinus tæda, 25 Pinus Virginiana, 27 Platanus occidentalis, 80 Platanus racemosa, 81 Populus alba, 79 Populus angulata, 77 Populus balsamifera, 79 Populus fremontii, 78 Populus grandidentata, 79 Populus heteropylla, 78 Populus monilifera, 77 Populus nigra italica, 79 Populus tremuloides, 79 Populus trichocarpa, 78 Populus Wislizeni, 78 Prunus Pennsylvanica, 47 Prunus serotina, 47 Pseudotsuga douglasii, 29 Pseudotsuga taxifolia, 29 Pyrus coronaria, 49 Quercus acuminata, 73 Quercus alba, 71 Quercus aquatica, 73 Quercus bicolor, 72 Quercus chrysolepis, 76 Quercus coccinea, 75 Quercus digitata, 75 Quercus durandii, 71 Quercus falcata, 75 Quercus garryana, 71 Quercus ilicijolia, 74 Quercus imbricaria, 75 Quercus lobata, 72 Quercus lyrata, 73 Quercus macrocarpa, 72 Quercus marilandica, 75 Quercus Michauxii, 74 Quercus minor, 74 Quercus nigra, 75 Quercus obtusiloda, 74 Quercus palustris, 73 Quercus phellos, 72 Quercus platanoides, 72 Quercus prinoides, 74 Quercus prinus, 73 Quercus pumila, 74 Quercus rubra, 74 Quercus tinctoria, 74 Quercus velutina, 74 Quercus virens, 75 Rhamnus Caroliniana, 45 Robinia pseudacacia, 66 Robinia viscosa, 66 Salix alba, 83 Salix amygdaloides, 84 Salix babylonica, 84 Salix bebbiana, 84 Salix discolor, 84 Salix fluviatilis, 84 Salix fragilis, 84 Salix lucida, 84 Salix nigra, 83 Salix rostrata, 84 Salix vitellina, 83 Sassafras sassafras, 80 Sequoia sempervirens, 19 Taxodium distinchum, 19 Taxus brevifolia, 30 Thuya gigantea, 17 Thuya occidentalis, 17 Tilia Americana, 39 Tilia heterophylla, 39 Tilia pubescens, 39 Tsuga canadensis, 21 Tsuga mertensiana, 21 Ulmus alata, 51 Ulmus Americana, 50 Ulmus crassifolia, 51 Ulmus fulva, 51 Ulmus pubescens, 51 Ulmus racemosa, 50 Umbellularia Californica, 65

INDEX Abele, Tree, 79 Absorption of water by dry wood, 124 Acacia, 66 Acacia, false, 66 Acacia, three-thorned, 66 According to species, different kiln drying, 170 Advantages in seasoning, 128 Advantages of kiln-drying over air-drying, 156 Affect drying, properties of wood that, 156 Ailanthus, 37 Air circulation, 173 Air-drying, advantages of kiln-drying over, 156 Alaska cedar, 18 Alaska cypress, 18 Alcoholic liquids, stave and heads of barrels containing, 112 Almond-leaf willow, 84 Ambrosia or timber beetles, 99 American box, 49 American elm, 50 American larch, 22 American linden, 39 American oak, 71 American red pine, 25 Anatomical structure, 14 Annual ring, the yearly or, 10 Apartment dry kiln, 198 Apple, crab, 49 Apple, custard, 76 Apple, wild, 49 Appliances in kiln-drying, helpful, 237 Arborvitæ, 17 Ash, 37 Ash, black, 38 Ash, blue, 38 Ash, Carolina, 39 Ash, green, 38 Ash, ground, 38 Ash, hoop, 38 Ash-leaved maple, 69 Ash, Oregon, 38 Ash, red, 38 Ash, white, 37 Aspen, 39, 79 Aspen, large-toothed, 78 Aspen-leaved birch, 42 Aspen, quaking, 79 Atmospheric pressure, drying at, 146 Bald Cypress, 19 Ball tree, button, 80 Balm of gilead, 79 Balm of gilead fir, 20 Balsam, 20, 79 Balsam fir, 20 Bark and pith, 8 Bark on, round timber with, 106 Barrels containing alcoholic liquids, staves and heads of, 112 Barren oak, 75 Bar willow, sand, 84 Basket oak, 74 Basswood, 39 Basswood, small-leaved, 39 Basswood, white, 39 Bastard pine, 26 Bastard spruce, 29 Bay poplar, 60 Bay, sweet, 67 Bear oak, 74 Beaver wood, 67 Bebb willow, 84 Bee tree, 39 Beech, 40 Beech, blue, 44 Beech, red, 40 Beech, water, 44, 80 Beech, white, 40 Berry, sugar, 62 Beetles, ambrosia or timber, 99

Big bud hickory, 64 Bilsted, 54 Birch, 41 Birch, aspen-leaved, 42 Birch, black, 41 Birch, canoe, 43 Birch, cherry, 41 Birch, gray, 42 Birch, mahogany, 41 Birch, old field, 42 Birch, paper, 43 Birch, red, 42 Birch, river, 43 Birch, silver, 42 Birch, sweet, 41 Birch, white, 42, 43 Birch, wintergreen, 41 Birch, yellow, 42 Bird cherry, 47 Bitternut hickory, 64 Black ash, 38 Black birch, 41 Black cherry, 47 Black cottonwood, 78 Black cypress, 19 Black gum, 62 Black hickory, 64 Black jack, 75 Black larch, 22 Black locust, 66 Black nut hickory, 64 Black oak, 74 Black pine, 25, 27 Black spruce, 27 Black walnut, 44, 82 Black willow, 83 Blower dry kiln, operation of, 186 Blower or hot blast dry kiln, 185 Blue ash, 38 Blue beech, 44 Blue poplar, 81 Blue willow, 83 Bois d'Arc, 45, 76 Bolts, stave, heading and shingle, 109 Borers, flat-headed, 103 Borers, powder post, 105 Borers, round-headed, 101 Box, American, 49 Box elder, 69 Box dry kiln, 204 Broad-leaved maple, 69 Broad-leaved trees, 31 Broad-leaved trees, list of most important, 37 Broad-leaved trees, wood of, 31 Brown hickory, 64 Brown locust, 66 Buckeye, 45 Buckeye, fetid, 45 Buckeye, Ohio, 45 Buckeye, sweet, 45 Buckthorne, 45 Bud hickory, big, 64 Bull nut hickory, 64 Bull pine, 25 Bur oak, 72 Burning bush, 82 Bush, burning, 82 Bush, juniper, 18 Butternut, 45 Button ball tree, 80 Button wood, 80 California Redwood, 19 California white pine, 25 Canadian pine, 25 Canary wood, 81 Canoe birch, 43 Canoe cedar, 17 Carolina ash, 39 Carolina pine, 26 Carolina poplar, 77 Cars, method of loading kiln, 206 Catalpa, 46 Cedar, 17 Cedar, Alaska, 18 Cedar, canoe, 17 Cedar, elm, 51 Cedar, ground, 19 Cedar, incense, 18 Cedar of the West, red, 17 Cedar, Oregon, 18 Cedar, pencil, 18 Cedar, Port Orford, 18 Cedar, red, 18, 19 Cedar, white, 17, 18 Cedar, yellow, 18 Changes rendering drying difficult, 140 Characteristics and properties of wood, 1 Checking and splitting, prevention of, 129 Cherry, 47 Cherry birch, 41

Cherry, bird, 47 Cherry, black, 47 Cherry, Indian, 45 Cherry, red, 47 Cherry, rum, 47 Cherry, wild, 47 Cherry, wild red, 47 Chestnut, 48 Chestnut, horse, 45, 65 Chestnut oak, 73 Chestnut oak, rock, 73 Chestnut oak, scrub, 74 Chinquapin, 48, 49 Chinquapin oak, 73, 74 Chinquapin oak, dwarf, 74 Choice of drying method, 195 Circassian walnut, 60 Circulation, air, 173 Clammy locust, 66 Classes of trees, 5 Cliff elm, 50 Coast redwood, 19 Coffee nut, 49 Coffee tree, 49 Color and odor of wood, 89 Color, odor, weight, and figure in wood, grain, 86 Composition of sap,

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