Seasoning of Wood by Joseph Bernard Wagner (bill gates best books txt) 📕

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upon entirely. Furthermore, structure underlies nearly all the technical properties of this important product, and furnishes an explanation why one piece differs in these properties from another. Structure explains why oak is heavier, stronger, and tougher than pine; why it is harder to saw and plane, and why it is so much more difficult to season without injury. From its less porous structure alone it is evident that a piece of young and thrifty oak is stronger than the porous wood of an old or stunted tree, or that a Georgia or long-leaf pine excels white pine in weight and strength.

Keeping especially in mind the arrangement and direction of the fibres of wood, it is clear at once why knots and "cross-grain" interfere with the strength of timber. It is due to the structural peculiarities that "honeycombing" occurs in rapid seasoning, that checks or cracks extend radially and follow pith rays, that tangent or "bastard" cut stock shrinks and warps more than that which is quarter-sawn. These same pecu

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116 Conditions and species, temperature depends on, 171 Conditions favorable for insect injury, 106 Conditions governing the drying of wood, 156 Conditions of success in kiln-drying, 169 Coniferous trees, 8 Coniferous trees, wood of, 8 Coniferous woods, list of important, 17 Containing alcoholic liquids, staves and heads of barrels, 112 Cooperage stock and wooden truss hoops, dry, 112 Cork elm, 50 Cotton gum, 60 Cottonwood, 49, 77, 78 Cottonwood, black, 78 Cottonwood, swamp, 78 Cow oak, 74 Crab apple, 49 Crab, fragrant, 49 Crack willow, 84 Crude products, 106 Cuban pine, 26 Cucumber tree, 49, 67 Cup oak, mossy, 72 Cup oak, over-, 72, 73 Custard apple, 76 Cypress, 19 Cypress, Alaska, 18 Cypress, bald, 19 Cypress, black, 19 Cypress, Lawson's, 18 Cypress, pecky, 19 Cypress, red, 19 Cypress, white, 19 D'Arc, Bois, 45, 76 Deal, yellow, 23 Demands upon soil and moisture of red gum, 56 Depends on conditions and species, temperature, 171 Description of the forest service kiln, theory and, 161 Diagram, the uses of the humidity, 237 Difference between seasoned and unseasoned wood, 121 Different grains of wood, 86 Different kiln-drying according to species, 170 Different species, weight of kiln-dried wood of, 95 Different types, kilns of, 196 Different types of dry kilns, 185 Different types of kiln doors, 231 Difficult, changes rendering drying, 140 Difficulties of drying wood, 138 Distribution of water in wood, 114 Distribution of water in wood, local, 114 Distribution of water in wood seasonal, 115 Dogwood, 49 Doors, different types of kiln, 231 Douglas spruce, 29 Downy linden, 39 Downy poplar, 78 Dry cooperage stock and wooden truss hoops, 112 Drying according to species, different kiln, 170 Drying, advantages of kiln-drying over air, 156

Drying at atmospheric pressure, 146 Drying by superheated steam, 150 Drying, conditions of success in kiln, 169 Drying difficult, changes rendering, 140 Drying gum, kiln, 180 Drying, helpful appliances in kiln, 237 Drying, kiln, 164, 177 Drying, losses due to improper kiln, 141 Drying method, choice of, 185 Drying, methods of kiln, 145 Drying, objects of kiln, 168 Drying of green red gum, kiln, 183 Drying of wood, kiln, 156 Drying of wood, physical conditions governing the, 156 Drying, physical properties that influence, 125 Drying, properties of wood that effect, 141 Drying, theory of kiln, 157 Drying, underlying principles of kiln, 166 Drying under pressure and vacuum, 146 Drying, unsolved problems in kiln, 143 Drying wood, difficulties of, 138 Drying 100 lb. of green wood in the kiln, pounds of water lost, 179 Dry kiln, apartment, 198 Dry kiln, box, 204 Dry kiln, operation of the blower, 186 Dry kiln, operation of the moist-air, 192 Dry kiln, moist-air or pipe, 188 Dry kiln, pocket, 200 Dry kiln, progressive, 196 Dry kiln, requirements in a satisfactory, 160 Dry kilns, different types of, 185 Dry kiln specialties, 206 Dry kilns, types of, 185 Dry kiln, tower, 202 Dry wood, absorption of water by, 124 Duck oak, 73 Due to improper kiln-drying, losses, 141 Dwarf chinquapin oak, 74 Effects of Moisture on Wood, 117 Elder, box, 69 Electric heater, the, 250 Elimination of stain and mildew, 136 Elm, 50 Elm, American, 50 Elm, cedar, 51 Elm, cliff, 50 Elm, cork, 50 Elm, hickory, 50 Elm, moose, 51 Elm, red, 51 Elm, rock, 50 Elm, slippery, 51 Elm, water, 50 Elm, winged, 51 Elm, white, 50 Enemies of wood, 98 Evaporation of water, manner of, 123 Evaporation, rapidity of, 124 Expansion of wood, 135 Factories, Scalometer in, 249 False acacia, 66 Favorable for insect injury, conditions, 106 Fetid buckeye, 45 Fibre saturation point in wood, 118 Field birch, old, 42 Field pine, old, 25, 26 Figure in wood, 96 Figure in wood, grain, color, odor, weight, and, 86 Final steaming of gum, 182 Fir, 20 Fir, balm of gilead, 20 Fir balsam, 20 Fir, noble, 21 Fir, red, 21, 29 Fir tree, 20 Fir, white, 20, 21 Fir, yellow, 29 Flat-headed borers, 103 Forest service kiln, theory and description of, 161 Form of the red gum, 55 Fragrant crab, 49 Gauge, the Recording Steam, 246 Georgia pine, 24 Gilead, balm of, 79 Gilead fir, balm of, 20

Ginger pine, 18 Glaucous willow, 84 Governing the drying of wood, physical conditions, 156 Grain, color, odor, weight, and figure in wood, 86 Grains of wood, different, 86 Gray birch, 42 Gray pine, 27 Green ash, 38 Green red gum, kiln-drying, 183 Green wood in the kiln, pounds of water lost in drying 100 lbs., 179 Ground ash, 38 Ground cedar, 19 Growth red gum, second, 59 Gum, 52 Gum, black, 62 Gum, cotton, 60 Gum, demands upon soil and moisture of red, 56 Gum, final steaming of, 182 Gum, form of red, 55 Gum, kiln-drying, 180 Gum, kiln-drying of green red, 183 Gum, method of piling, 180 Gum, preliminary steaming of, 182 Gum, range of red, 55 Gum, range of tupelo, 61 Gum, red, 54, 79 Gum, reproduction of red, 57 Gum, second-growth red, 59 Gum, sour, 62, 80 Gum, sweet, 54, 80 Gum, tolerance of the red, 56 Gum, tupelo, 60 Gum, uses of tupelo, 61 Hackberry, 62 Hacmatac, 22 Hard maple, 68 Hard pine, 26 Hard pines, 24 Hard pine, southern, 24 Hardwoods, 37 Hazel pine, 54, 60 Headed borers, flat, 103 Headed borers, round, 101 Heading, stave and shingle bolts, 109 Heads and staves of barrels containing alcoholic liquids, 112 Heart hickory, white, 64 Heartwood, sap and, 8 Heater, the electric, 250 Helpful appliances in kiln-drying, 237 Hemlock, 21 Hemlock spruce, 21 Hickory, 63 Hickory, big bud, 64 Hickory, bitternut, 64 Hickory, black, 64 Hickory, black nut, 64 Hickory, brown, 64 Hickory, bull nut, 64 Hickory elm, 50 Hickory, mockernut, 64 Hickory, pignut, 64 Hickory, poplar, 81 Hickory, scalybark, 64 Hickory, shagbark, 64 Hickory, shellbark, 64 Hickory, swamp, 64 Hickory, switchbud, 64 Hickory, white heart, 64 Holly, 64, 65 Holly, mountain, 65 Honey locust, 66 Honey shucks, 66 Hoop ash, 38 Hoops, dry cooperage stock and wooden truss, 112 Hop hornbeam, 65 Hornbeam, 44 Hornbeam, hop, 65 Horse chestnut, 45, 65 Hot blast or blower kiln, 185 Humidity, 174 Humidity diagram, uses of the, 237 How to prevent insect injury, 107 How wood is seasoned, 145 Hygrodeik, the, 242 Hygrometer, the recording, 242 Hygrometer, the registering, 244 Illinois Nut, 64 Important broad-leaved trees, list of most, 37 Important coniferous woods, list of, 17 Impregnation methods, 151 Improper kiln-drying, losses due to, 141 Incense cedar, 18 Indian bean, 46 Indian cherry, 45

Influence drying, physical properties that, 125 Injury, conditions favorable for insect, 106 Injury from insects, how to prevent, 107 Insect injury, conditions favorable for, 106 Insects, how to prevent injury from, 107 Iron oak, 74 Ironwood, 44, 65 Jack, Black, 75 Jack oak, 75 Jack pine, 27 Jersey pine, 27 Juniper, 18 Juniper bush, 18 Juniper, red, 18 Juniper, savin, 18 Keep Records of the Moisture Content, 249 Kiln, apartment dry, 198 Kiln, blower or hot blast, 185 Kiln, box dry, 204 Kiln cars and method of loading, 206 Kiln doors, different types, 231 Kiln-dried wood of different species, weight of, 95 Kiln-drying, 164, 177 Kiln-drying according to species, different, 170 Kiln-drying, conditions of success in, 169 Kiln-drying gum, 180 Kiln-drying, helpful appliances in, 237 Kiln-drying, losses due to improper, 141 Kiln-drying, objects of, 168 Kiln-drying of green red gum, 183 Kiln-drying of wood, 156 Kiln-drying of wood, 156 Kiln-drying over air-drying, advantages of, 156 Kiln-drying, theory of, 157 Kiln-drying, underlying principles of, 166 Kiln-drying, unsolved problems in, 143 Kiln, operation of the blower dry, 186 Kiln, operation of the moist-air dry, 192 Kiln, pipe or moist-air dry, 188 Kiln, pocket dry, 200 Kiln, progressive dry, 196 Kiln, requirements in a satisfactory dry, 160 Kilns, different types of dry, 185 Kilns of different types, 196 Kiln specialties, dry, 206 Kiln, theory and description of the forest service, 161 Kilns, types of dry, 185 Kiln, tower dry, 202 Land Spruce, Tide, 28 Larch, 22 Larch, American, 22 Larch, black, 22 Larch, western, 22 Large-toothed aspen, 79 Laurel, 65 Laurel oak, 75 Lawson's cypress, 18 Leaf pine, long-, 24 Leaf pine, short-, 26 Leaf willow, long, 84 Leaved basswood, small, 39 Leaved birch, aspen, 42 Leaved maple, ash, 69 Leaved maple, broad, 69 Leaved maple, silver, 69 Leaved trees, broad, 31 Leaved trees, list of most important broad, 37 Leaved trees, wood of broad, 31 Leverwood, 65 Life, tree of, 17 Lime tree, 39 Lin, 39 Linden, 39 Linden, American, 39 Linden, downy, 39 Liquidamber, 54 Liquids, staves and heads of barrels containing alcoholic, 112 List of important coniferous trees, 17 List of most important broad-leaved trees, 37 Live oak, 75, 76 Loading, kiln cars and method of, 206 Loblolly pine, 25

Local distribution of water in wood, 114 Locust, 66 Locust, black, 66 Locust, brown, 66 Locust, clammy, 66 Locust, honey, 66 Locust, sweet, 66 Locust, yellow, 66 Lodge-pole pine, 27 Lombardy poplar, 79 Long-leaf pine, 24 Long-leaf willow, 84 Long-straw pine, 24 Losses due to improper kiln-drying, 141 Lost in kiln-drying 100 lb. green wood in the kiln, pounds of water, 179 Magnolia, 67 Magnolia, small, 67 Magnolia, swamp, 67 Mahogany, birch, 41 Mahogany, white, 45 Manner of evaporation of water, 123 Maple, 67 Maple, ash-leaved, 69 Maple, broad-leaved, 69 Maple, hard, 68 Maple, mountain, 69 Maple, Oregon, 69 Maple, red, 69 Maple, rock, 68 Maple, silver, 69 Maple, silver-leaved, 69 Maple, soft, 69 Maple, striped, 70 Maple, sugar, 68 Maple, swamp, 69 Maple, water, 69 Maple, white, 69 Maul oak, 75, 76 Meadow pine, 26 Method, choice of drying, 195 Method of loading kiln cars, 206 Method of piling gum, 180 Methods, impregnation, 151 Methods of drying, 154 Mildew, elimination of stain and, 136 Minute structure, 34 Mockernut hickory, 64 Moist-air dry kiln, operation of, 192 Moist-air or pipe kiln, the, 188 Moisture content, keep records of the, 249 Moisture, demands upon soil and, 56 Moisture on wood, effects of, 117 Moose elm, 51 Moose-wood, 70 Mossy-cup oak, 72 Most important broad-leaved trees list of, 37 Mountain holly, 65 Mountain maple, 69 Mulberry, 70 Mulberry, red, 70 Myrtle, 65, 70 Nettle Tree, 62 Noble fir, 21 Norway pine, 25 Nut, coffee, 49 Nut hickory, black, 64 Nut hickory, bull, 64 Nut, Illinois, 64 Nyssa, 60 Oak, 70 Oak, American, 71 Oak, barren, 75 Oak, basket, 74 Oak, bear, 74 Oak, black, 74 Oak, bur, 72 Oak, chestnut, 73 Oak, chinquapin, 73, 74 Oak, cow, 74 Oak, duck, 73 Oak, dwarf chinquapin, 74 Oak, iron, 74 Oak, jack, 75 Oak, laurel, 75 Oak, live, 75, 76 Oak, maul, 75, 76 Oak, mossy-cup, 72 Oak, over-cup, 72, 73 Oak, peach, 72 Oak, pin, 73 Oak, possum, 73 Oak, post, 74 Oak, punk, 73 Oak, red, 74, 75 Oak, rock, 73 Oak, rock chestnut, 73

Oak, scarlet, 75 Oak, scrub, 74 Oak, scrub chestnut, 74 Oak, shingle, 75 Oak, Spanish, 75 Oak, swamp post, 73 Oak, swamp Spanish, 73 Oak, swamp white, 72, 73 Oak, water, 73 Oak, western white, 71 Oak, white, 71, 72 Oak, willow, 72 Oak, yellow, 73, 74 Oak, Valparaiso, 76 Objects of kiln-drying, 168 Odor and color of wood, 89 Odor, weight, and figure in wood, grain, color, 86 Ohio buckeye, 45 Old field birch, 42 Old field pine, 25, 26 Operation of the blower kiln, 186 Operation of the moist-air kiln, 192 Orange, osage, 76 Oregon ash, 38 Oregon cedar, 18 Oregon maple, 69 Oregon pine, 29 Orford cedar, Port, 18 Osage orange, 76 Out-of-door seasoning, 154 Over-cup oak, 72, 73 Papaw, 76 Paper birch, 43 Peach oak, 72 Pecan, 64 Pecky cypress, 19 Pencil cedar, 18 Pepperidge, 60 Perch willow, 84 Persimmon, 77 Peruche, 21 Physical conditions governing the drying of wood,

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